Howto ubuntu!

Simple script restores your system settings after OS reinstall

2007-06-22T12:59:00.000+08:00

come from linux.om, maybe useful later 'cause I really want to reinstall my ubuntu when the final exam comes to end.

How to make OpenOffice run faster in Ubuntu

2007-06-22T12:54:00.001+08:00

Some simple steps make Open Office snappier.

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Make your gnome menus run faster

2007-06-21T08:52:00.000+08:00

Some weeks ago, I have showed two small tips to tweak your Ubuntu Linux. The first one is to disable IPv6 and the second one is to reduce swapping. Today, I have another tip to make your gnome menus run faster.

1. Create a file named .gtkrc-2.0 in your home directory

cd
touch .gtkrc-2.0
echo "gtk-menu-popup-delay = 0"| tee -a .gtkrc-2.0

2. Logout and login again

I have tested with a value gtk-menu-popop-delay = 2000 before to try gtk-menu-popop-delay = 0 to see what is different in effect.
read more

Learn 10 good UNIX usage habits

2007-06-21T00:39:00.001+08:00

Adopt 10 good habits that improve your UNIX command line efficiency and break away from bad usage patterns in the process. This article takes you step-by-step through several good, but too often neglected, techniques for command-line operations. Learn about common errors and how to overcome them.

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How to install a DLL file in Windows XP?

2007-06-16T13:04:00.001+08:00

This tutorial will walk you through the steps on how to install a DLL file in to Windows. This tutorial covers all Windows operating systems.
The first post about windows, I didn't mean to but the article is really useful 'cause I met the problem so many times when I use xp!

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Controlling your Linux system processes

2007-06-16T12:10:00.001+08:00

All modern operating systems are able to run many programs at the same time. For example, a typical Linux server might include a Web server, an email server, and probably a database service. Each of these programs runs as a separate process. What do you do if one of your services stops working? Here are some handy command-line tools for managing processes.

Each process uses time on a system's CPU, as well as other system resources such as memory and disk space. If a program goes wrong, it can start to use too much CPU time or memory and so deny other programs the resources they need to run.

Knowing how to manage rogue processes is an essential part of Linux system management. To help, turn to command-line tools such as ps, top, service, kill, and killall.

ps

ps shows the current processes running on the machine. ps has many options, but one of the most useful invocations is ps aux, which shows every process on the system.

A normal Linux server may have 100 processes running after boot up, so the output from the ps command can be quite long. Here are the first few lines from my CentOS 5 test machine:

USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.1 10308 668 ? S 15:03 0:00 init [5]
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 15:03 0:00 [migration/0]
root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 15:03 0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 15:03 0:00 [watchdog/0]
root 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S

Here is a brief explanation of each of the columns:

USER is the name of the user that owns the processes.
Each process has a unique process ID (or PID for short).
%CPU shows the CPU utilization of the process. It is the CPU time used divided by the time the process has been running expressed as a percentage.
%MEM is the amount of the physical memory the process is using.
VSZ show the virtual memory size of the process in kilobytes.
RSS is similar to VSZ, but rather than virtual memory size, RSS shows how much non-swapped, physical memory the process is using in kilobytes.
TTY is the controlling terminal.
STAT is the status of the process, where S means the process is sleeping and can be woken at any time, N means the process has a low priority, and < means the process has a high priority. Other letters to watch for are l which means the process is multi-threaded and R which means the processes is running.
START shows when the process was started.
TIME is the accumulated CPU time. This includes time spent running the processes and time spent in the kernel on behalf of that process.

For a complete explanation see the ps man page.

Finding a specific process in such a long list can be a problem. To help, you can use the grep command to look for matches in the text. For example, to look for the sendmail process, use the command:

ps aux | grep sendmail
root 2401 0.0 0.4 66444 2064 ? Ss 15:04 0:00 sendmail: accepting connections
smmsp 2409 0.0 0.3 53040 1752 ? Ss 15:04 0:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
gary 3807 0.0 0.1 60224 700 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 grep sendmail

When you run it, the grep command itself will be shown (in this case PID 3807) as it matches the string we are looking for, namely sendmail. But of course it isn't part of the sendmail service.

top

While ps shows only a snapshot of the system process, the top program provides a dynamic real-time view of a system. It displays a system summary (with CPU usage, memory usage, and other statistics) as well as a list of running processes that changes dynamically as the system is in use. It lists the processes using the most CPU first.

The first few lines of top look something like this:

top - 15:18:00 up 54 min, 0 users, load average: 0.00, 0.10, 0.11
Tasks: 115 total, 2 running, 113 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.7%us, 0.0%sy, 0.0%ni, 99.0%id, 0.3%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 467888k total, 458476k used, 9412k free, 15264k buffers
Swap: 3204884k total, 0k used, 3204884k free, 222108k cached

PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
554 root 15 0 229m 9940 4548 S 0.7 2.1 0:10.29 Xorg
1 root 15 0 10308 668 552 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.11 init
2 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0
3 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 ksoftirqd/0

The bottom part of the output is similar to the output from the ps command. In the top part, the Swap: line is useful for checking how much swap space is being used. For more information see the top man page.

service

The easiest way to start and stop services such as sendmail or the Apache Web server from the command line is to use the service command. Each service provide a script for easily starting and stopping the service.

To discover the status of a service, type service sendmail status. This should output something similar to:

sendmail (pid 4660 4652) is running...

If you want to shutdown a running sendmail, you can type service sendmail stop. To start it again, use service sendmail start. To stop and restart sendmail, use service sendmail restart.

If you can't stop a running or rogue service using the service command then you may need to resort to the kill and killall commands.

kill and killall

The kill command attempts to shut down a running process. In Linux, a process is stopped when the operating system sends it a signal telling it to shut down. The default signal for kill is TERM (signal 15), meaning software terminate. If it receives the signal, the process should shut down in an orderly way. If the process has become rogue, chances are that it won't respond to being told politely to shut down. In that case you have to send the KILL signal (signal 9 for short). So to kill off a running process (e.g. process 1234) we would use kill -9 1234.

The killall command kills running processes by name rather than by PID. This bring two immediate advantages. First, to kill a process we don't need to look for the PID using the ps command. Second, if there are multiple processes with the same name (as is the case with the Apache Web server) then all the processes will be killed in one fell swoop. As with kill, killall takes a signal parameter, and -9 is used to terminate the processes. So to kill off all the Apache processes you would use killall -9 httpd.

Restarting an unresponsive Web server

Let's look at an example of how to use these commands to solve a real-life problem. If you find that your Web server has stopped responding and needs to be restarted, first try the service command. The start/stop script for your Web server should be able to get it running again. For Apache on CentOS 5 we would type:

service httpd restart

If that fails, next try the killall command to eliminate the old instance of the Web server:

killall -9 httpd

Run ps to check that all the Apache services died:

ps aux | grep httpd

If there are any strays, kill them off individually with the kill command. Finally, restart the Web server with:

service httpd start

A friend of mine recently had problem with the fetchmail process. Fetchmail is a program that fetches mail from external mail servers and pulls them down onto the local server. One morning he discovered that his system was running slowly. A quick use of the top command revealed that the fetchmail process was using 99% of the system memory. He noted the fetchmail process's PID, then killed the process and restarted it using the service command. The memory was freed and the system sprang back to life.

Conclusion

You should monitor your system to ensure that none of your processes have gone haywire. One simple method is to permanently run a terminal window with the top command. A quick glance every so often will assure you that all is OK. If something does start to go bad, Linux provides useful tools to stop and restart processes. Only rarely will a full system reboot be needed.

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Supercharge your right-click menu with Nautilus Scripts

2007-06-16T12:01:00.001+08:00

Linux only: Freeware "package" Nautilus Scripts is a compilation of handy scripts that supercharge your right-click menu in Nautilus.

With Nautilus Scripts you can convert audio files, convert and install packages, automatically convert CDs to .iso files, compile C/C++ programs for Linux/Windows, and much more. The installation is a snap -- just extract the contents of the download to $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/ and you'll be all set. Your expanded right-click menu will automatically be created.

Nautilus Scripts is a free download and requires Gnome and Nautilus. In order to use some of the advanced features of Nautilus Scripts you'll also want to install the following packages: mingw32, wine, alien, and build-essential.

Workaround for Feisty screensaver bug

2007-06-15T22:38:00.001+08:00

When I watch videos in full screen, I usually stop using the mouse. When I do this, I find that the screen blanks after just about exactly 20 minutes.

xorg.conf has options for DPMS control on monitors. This appears to be the one that is causing us problems.

The following procedure is the workaround for this problem.Before doing any chnages you need to take backup of xorg.conf file

sudp cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.orig

Solution1

Edit /etc/X11/xorg.conf file using the following command

sudo vi /etc/X11/xorg.conf

and add the following lines

Section “ServerFlags”
#other options can go here
Option “BlankTime” “0″
Option “StandbyTime” “0″
Option “SuspendTime” “0″
Option “OffTime” “0″
EndSection

Save and exit the file

Solution 2

Edit /etc/X11/xorg.conf file using the following command

sudo vi /etc/X11/xorg.conf

This effectively disables power management on your monitor Settings

Section “Monitor”
#other options can go here
Option “DPMS” “false”
EndSection

Save and exit the file and restart your machin

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HOWTO: Installing And Working With eyeOS Under Linux (Ubuntu/Debian)

2007-06-15T22:22:00.001+08:00

Great HOWTO explaining how to install the eyeOS 1.0 Web Operating System into a Linux system (It's for Debian, I tested it under Ubuntu). Just 4 steps and you can be working on eyeOS from any computer on the net. eyeOS is a web Operating System with a ports system like apt-get and 19 base applications to work on the browser, Open Source.

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How To: Give Ubuntu a speed boost

2007-06-14T11:17:00.001+08:00

The XLNTsolution weblog has a whole stash of system tweaks they recommend to speed up Ubuntu Feisty Fawn.Some of the tips include disabling IPv6, enabling parallel boot processes, reducing the load of the swap, and re-aliasing the localhost -- and that just scratches the surface. Some of the tweaks are pretty advanced!

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Tune Boot-Up-Manger for better performance of Ubuntu

2007-06-13T12:21:00.000+08:00

Ubuntu does not come with a graphical tool to disable services. The Boot-Up-Manager (BUM) is the most comprehensive and user-friendly tool for Ubuntu.

Follow these Steps to Install Boot-Up- Manager

Go to Applications > Add and Remove Applications

The Add/Remove Applications window is shown. Search for boot in the search text box. Check Boot-Up-Manager and click on OK to install.
Click on Apply in confirmation popup. Boot-Up-Manager is installed successfully.

Disable the services for better performance tunning

Go to System > Adminstration > BootUp-Manager

Boot-Up-Manager window is shown. Check Advanced check box, and select tab Startup and shutdown scripts

Disabling the below listed scripts doesn't disturb your PC

ntpdate: a utility that updates the system clock on each reboot.
pcmcia: used only with laptops if one has PCMCIA cards.
ppp: point-to-point protocol used only if you have a modem. Disabled the built-in modem in my desktop and only use a network interface card.
powernowd: Use an AMD processor with Ubuntu and this service does not work with AMD.
rsync: a utility that provides fast incremental file transfer if you wish to mirror or back up data.
fetchmail: a utility to retrieve and forward mail and act as a gateway to smtp. If you are a Linux groupware client, do not use this utility.
postfix: a mail transfer agent similar to sendmail. Use a mail server from my ISP and our company domain.

Reboot the PC and find the difference.

How to disable tap-clicking with your touchpad in Linux in a easy way

2007-06-11T10:32:00.000+08:00

Lots of people have a love/hate relationship with their touch pad on their laptops. It’s great for speeding around your screen and doing lots of cool things with nary a mouse in site. It’s horrible when you accidentaly double-click that Quake 3 icon while your boss is strolling into the room.

Here’s a quick and easy guide to disabling tap-clicking and scrolling on your touchpad. With this little hack you’ll still have a mouse replacement, but will avoid Quake 3 inspired embarrassment.

First, you’ll need to edit your xorg.conf file. This is the file that controls your display, and oddly all of your input devices as well like your keyboard, mouse and…. touchpad. Open up a CLI (Applications-> Accessories-> Terminal) and let’s get down to business.

gksu gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Now you’ve got your xorg.conf file open in an editor, let’s add one line too it. Look for this section in your xorg.conf file:

Section “InputDevice”
Identifier “Synaptics Touchpad”
Driver “synaptics”
Option “SendCoreEvents” “true”
Option “Device” “/dev/psaux”
Option “Protocol” “auto-dev”
Option “HorizScrollDelta” “0″
EndSection

Yours may have all of this stuff or it may have very little of it. The key points you want to look for are the Section and EndSection bits. Everything has to go between these two, and what we’re going to add is not exception.

See the Options above? We’re going to add an option. So cut and paste the following in there just above the EndSection portion:

Option “TouchpadOff” 2

Now save your file and exit Gedit. The next time you restart your laptop (or restart your X session) you’re touchpad will be click-less.

But perhaps this way is so complicated and sometimes it doesn't work! Then you should try this way:

For KDE:
1. Open KDE Control Center
2. Select Peripherals > Touch Pad
3. Select “Tapping” tab and uncheck “Enable Tapping”
4. Click “Apply”
Done

For Gnome:

sudo apt-get install gsynaptics

And go to System > Preferences > Touchpad

Done

Mount and Unmount ISO,MDF,NRG Images Using AcetoneISO (GUI Tool)

2007-06-05T02:15:00.000+08:00

AcetoneISO is CD/DVD image manipulator for Linux.Using this tool it is very easy to Mount and Unmount ISO,MDF,NRG Images

AcetoneISO Features

Mount and Unmount ISO, MDF, NRG (if iso-9660 standard)

Convert / Extract / Browse to ISO : *.bin *.mdf *.nrg *.img *.daa *.cdi *.xbx *.b5i *.bwi *.pdi

Play a DVD Movie ISO with most used media players

Generate an ISO from a Folder or CD/DVD

Generate MD5 file of an image

Encrypt an image

Split image in X megabyte

Compress with High Ratio an image

Rip a PSX cd to *.bin to make it work with epsxe/psx emulators

Service-Menu support for Konqueror

Restore a lost CUE file of *.bin *.img

Preparing Your System

You need to install kommander ( it consists of an editor and a program executor that produce dialogs that you can execute), which is required by AcetoneISO. You also need p7zip (a file archiver with highest compression ratio) to compress and extract ISO images.

sudo apt-get install kommander p7zip

Install AcetoneISO in Ubuntu

First you need to download latest AcetoneISO .deb package from here

Now you should be having AcetoneISO-6.7.deb file you need to install this file using the follwoing command

sudo dpkg -i AcetoneISO-6.7.deb

This will complete the installation

Now you need to go to Application > Accessories > AcetoneISO

Once it opens you should see similar to the following screen

How to Fix Slow Fesity Boot For Laptops

2007-06-04T02:14:00.001+08:00

Feisty has a terrible boot time on laptops compared to server (roughly 3x as long) even though it is a faster computer. You can speedup your boot time from over a minute to roughly 30 seconds by doing the following

read more | digg story

Howto install Avant Window Navigator in Feisty!!

2007-05-31T17:39:00.002+08:00

If you are running Ubuntu Feisty Fawn 7.04, you can install AWN and Affinity from an Ubuntu repository.

First, edit your apt sources:

gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

Add these lines to the bottom (without bullets):

## Avant Window Navigator
deb http://download.tuxfamily.org/syzygy42/ feisty avant-window-navigator
deb-src http://download.tuxfamily.org/syzygy42/ feisty avant-window-navigator

Then do this in a terminal:

wget http://download.tuxfamily.org/syzygy42/8434D43A.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

Now to install the stable AWN version do

NOTICE: No stable AWN at this time. It will be added at the next release

Or for AWN SVN do

sudo apt-get install avant-window-navigator-svn

The Affinity in this repo requires Tracker to work properly.

For the stable Affinity version do

sudo apt-get install affinity

Or for Affinity SVN do

sudo apt-get install affinity-svn

HOWTO: Cleaning up all those unnecessary junk files in ubuntu!

2007-05-31T17:39:00.001+08:00

this article shows you how to get ri of those unwanted files taking up space in your Ubuntu folders.

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knowhow Adobe and del.icio.us work together?

2007-05-31T17:33:00.001+08:00

Adobe Illustrator is one of my favorite design tools, and as part of the redesign of del.icio.us I’ve been using it in a number of interesting ways. For example, I’ve written JavaScript code to pull in and parse del.icio.us RSS feeds then automatically render my latest designs in Illustrator using real data. This allows us to rapidly iterate on the

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mapping to be

2007-05-31T16:49:00.000+08:00

If you want to completely swap caps lock and escape, you have to replace the
"Lock" on caps lock. Drop this file in your home directory(don't copy the start&end lines!!):
-----------start------------
! Swap caps lock and escape
remove Lock = Caps_Lock
keysym Escape = Caps_Lock
keysym Caps_Lock = Escape
add Lock = Caps_Lock
------------end-------------
and call it ".speedswapper". Then open a terminal and type
$ xmodmap .speedswapper
and you'll be twice as efficient in vim.
Who needs caps lock anyway?

Make your firefox more beautiful in ubuntu!

2007-05-27T17:32:00.000+08:00

One thing that has always bothered me about Ubuntu's firefox is that the buttons, radio buttons, drop down menus, text fields, and checkboxes (known as widgets) are very cruddy looking. Fortunately I found a simple way to fix this. What we have below is a replacement set of images and CSS code for the widgets which will make them much nicer on the eyes (see bottom of the post for screenshots).

The original widgets are done by Osmo Salomaa . I have written a bash script to make the installation and removal process easier. You can download this at the bottom of this post. Simply unpack the archive anywhere you like, open a shell, cd to the directory you unpacked and run install (do this with the ./install command). Now you are presented with a menu.

By default this script works with the default firefox directory: /usr/lib/firefox. To work with a different directory (such as /usr/local/firefox32 if you are using Kilz's firefox32 package) you can specify a new installation/removal (option 3). Make sure you enter the correct path to your firefox directory. You can also change the installation/removal directory with the "-p=" or "--path=" command line options when you initiate the script (run ./install --help or read the README for more information).

Once you have the correct path (or you are just using the default /usr/lib/firefox path), you can install by using option 1 in the main menu. To run the installer immediately and bypass the menu use the "-i" or "--install" command line options when executing the script. Use the "-h" or "--help" command line options to get more information (./install -h).

To remove the widgets (make sure you have the correct path first just like with installing), just select option 2 from the main menu. If you wish to bypass the menu and go straight to removal, envoke the "-r" or "--remove" option.

You can also use the "-p=" option in conjunction with the "-r" or "-i" command line options if you like.

Example) ./install --path=/usr/local/Iceweasel32 -i
This would install the widgets to the /usr/local/Iceweasel32 directory.

I should also mention, I have included a backup forms.css file incase you mess anything up. This file is from a default 64-bit Firefox 2.0 installation. The forms.css file an be found in Firefox's "res" directory. You won't need my backup unless you accidently delete your's or the script malfunctions (in which case please contact me).

Read the README for more information. Screenshots are below, enjoy!

Buttons

Check Boxes

Radio Buttons

Drop Down Menus

Text Fields

Before

After

Download script:http://www.mediafire.com/?8xs20zmmrhv
Read more

Installing .sh files in Ubuntu 7.04

2007-05-26T22:56:00.000+08:00

Sometimes when you need to install a software on Ubuntu, the installation package only comes in .sh files instead of standard .deb package for Debian. Well the .sh itself has to be executable, however when you got it from internet repository its attribute is set to non-executable. To change this file attribute you need to either Right Click the .sh file from your file explorer, select file property -> file permission and make it is executable.

You can also change it via the command line console in your Ubuntu.
Open a Terminal Window. If you downloaded the file to your Ubuntu desktop you probably need to

cd /home/userid/Desktop

ls to see if the file exists.

chmod 777 /path/some_linux_installation.sh

After you changed the file attribute, you can execute those file directly via terminal window or click it when you use file manager. Your installation file should startup.

Add screen actions with Brightside

2007-05-26T12:32:00.000+08:00

Linux only: Open-source app Brightside adds reactivity to the corners and edges of your screen (in Gnome) so you can execute commands using only the mouse.

Brightside offers a combination of the functionality of Mac OS X apps, VirtueDesktops and Active Screen Corners. Almost exactly the way Active Screen Corners allows you to attach custom commands to your mouse gestures in Mac OS X, Brightside brings this awesome feature to Linux.

Softpedia does an excellent job detailing Brightside's functionality:

Brightside provides 'edge flipping' to allow you to switch to the adjacent workspace simply by pressing your mouse against the edge of the screen. Brightside also allows you to assign configurable actions to occur while you rest the mouse in a corner of the screen.

Ubuntu users can download Brightside out of the repositories with the following command:

sudo apt-get install brightside

Debian users can grab a Debian version, and all other distros can head to Softpedia to get a generic version of Brightside (a free download). — Kyle Pott

Use best dictionaries in Ubuntu

2007-05-26T00:06:00.001+08:00

There is a wonderful collection of dictionaries for many languages in this web site

Unfortunately, SDictionary Linux client is ugly and inconvenient.

There is another dictionary system - StarDict - which has a good-looking GTK2 client. It is included in Feisty repositories.

Unfortunately, the dictionaries for StarDict are not as good.

Let’s combine both worlds! I am going to convert SDictionary dictionaries to StarDict format and use them in StarDict

Install StarDict

Download Dictconv (a small program to convert a dictionay file type in another dictionary file type) and install

./configure sudo make all install

You will need build tools for compiling. Install them

sudo aptitude install build-essential libxml2-dev

Download one of the dictionaries, e.g. English-Spanish, and convert it to StarDict format (.ifo)

dictconv -o EnSp.ifo EnSp.dct

Here is successful operation

The result will be three files

EnSp.dz
EnSp.ifo
EnSp.idx

Put them into a folder and copy that folder into the folder /usr/share/stardict/dic so that the dictionary appears in StarDict

sudo cp FOLDER-WITH-FILES /usr/share/stardict/dic

You will find StarDict in menu Application > Accessories

You can convert and use Babylon dictionaries, too!

Working with Word 2007 Documents(.docx) in Ubuntu

2007-05-26T00:00:00.000+08:00

Microsoft Office 2007 uses a new file format, called Office OpenXML, as the default file format. It is based on XML and uses the ZIP file container.So Word 2007 documents are incompatible with OpenOffice.Here's how to make it compatible.

1.Download the OpenXML Translator
From: http://download.novell.com/SummaryFree.jsp?buildid=ESrjfdE4U58~
filename: odf-converter-1.0.0-5.i586.rpm

2. Use alien to convert it to a Slackware tgz file
Code:
fakeroot alien -ct odf-converter-1.0.0-5.i586.rpm

If fakeroot and alien is not installed then install it
Code:
sudo apt-get install alien fakeroot

3. Unpack the slackware tgz file
Code:
tar xzf odf-converter-1.0.0.tgz

4. Copy three files into your OpenOffice.org directories -- note that the usr that you're copying from is a directory that was inside the tgz file.
Code:

sudo cp usr/lib/ooo-2.0/program/OdfConverter /usr/lib/openoffice/program/
sudo cp usr/lib/ooo-2.0/share/registry/modules/org/openoffice/TypeDetection/Filter/MOOXFilter_cpp.xcu /usr/lib/openoffice/share/registry/modules/org/openoffice/TypeDetection/Filter/
sudo cp usr/lib/ooo-2.0/share/registry/modules/org/openoffice/TypeDetection/Types/MOOXTypeDetection.xcu /usr/lib/openoffice/share/registry/modules/org/openoffice/TypeDetection/Types/

5. Restart OpenOffice and you can now save and open Word 2007 docx files.
来源

How to speed up Mozilla Firefox on Ubuntu

2007-05-25T01:58:00.001+08:00

Simple tips and tricks to speedup Mozilla Firefox on Ubuntu

read more | digg story

Fix for Beryl Worspaces Problem in Feisty Fawn!

2007-05-25T00:13:00.000+08:00

来源
Problem

The workspace options dissapeared when right clicking on a window using the beryl manager.

Solution

First you need to Add Beryl Edgy Repos

sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list

Add the following at the bottom

## Beryl Edgy Repo
deb http://ubuntu.beryl-project.org/ edgy main

Then reload your update manager.

sudo aptitude update

Now you need to downgrade the following packages

libwnck18
libwnck-common

Go to the packet manager System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager

Click on search and enter “libwnck”, click ok, then you should see several files returned.

Select libwnck18 and go Package -> Force Version, in the drop down menu select 2.16.1 and push ok. Repeat this for the common package as well. Then push apply and you will downgrade your version of both files.

Reboot your computer and on restart you can now switch workspaces like you used to, perhaps later a patch will be made for beryl to work with 2.18.0

If you want to stop the update manager from pestering you to upgrade to 2.18.0 just search for libwnck like before and select each of the two files one at a time and then go System -> Lock Version.

The only problem with this is you will have to update these two files manually if a new version is released

How to speed up CD/DVD-ROM in Ubuntu!

2007-05-25T00:12:00.000+08:00

Do you want to make sure you are getting the best speed possible from you CD/DVD-ROM?

Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM

First open a terminal window and type:

sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/cdrom

sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf_backup

sudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf

Append the following lines at the end of file

/dev/cdrom {
dma = on
}

Save the edited file

Done

Install Pidgin 2.0.0 Plugin Pack on Ubuntu Feisty

2007-05-25T00:09:00.000+08:00

This plugin pack contains the following plugins

Plugins in the Plugin Pack

1. Album
2. Auto Accept
3. Auto-rejoin
4. Auto Reply
5. awaynotify
6. Bash.org
7. Buddy Icon Tools
8. Buddy List Options
9. Buddy Note
10. buddytime
11. chronic
12. convcolors
13. Dice
14. DiffTopic
15. Magic 8 Ball
16. Flip
17. gRIM
18. Group Message
19. Hide Conversation
20. IRC Helper
21. Irssi Features
22. Last Seen
23. List Handler
24. Marker Line
25. My Status Box
26. napster
27. New Line
28. Nick Said
29. Offline Message
30. Old Logger
31. Plonkers
32. Schedule
33. Separate and Tab
34. Show Offline
35. Sim Fix
36. Slash Exec
37. SSL Info
38. Stocker
39. Switch Spell
40. Talk Filters
41. XMMS Remote
42. XChat-Chats

You can download Pidgin 2.0.0 Plugin Pack from here or here

wget http://www.kalpiknigam.com/blog/uploads/purple-plugin-pack_1.0-1_i386.deb

Install Pidgin 2.0.0 Plugin Pack Using the following command

sudo dpkg -i purple-plugin-pack_1.0-1_i386.deb

This will install all the plugins menctioned above.

Howto Set Windows as Default OS when Dual Booting Ubuntu

2007-05-19T10:14:00.001+08:00

When you install Windows and ubuntu as dual boot you’ll notice that Ubuntu is set as the default operating system in the Grub loader if you want to change your default booting OS to windows you need to follow this procedure

You need to edit /boot/grub/menu.lst file

sudo vi /boot/grub/menu.lst

Look for the following option

default 0

default 4

Save and exit the file and reboot your system.

You will need to change that number 0 to match the Windows boot section.In most cases 4 is a default dual-boot configuration and in one my friend’s laptop this value is 5 so you need to check this and enter the value.The blocks at the bottom of the file match the items in the menu and the numbering starts at 0.

If you want a graphical operating, well, maybe there is another easier way. Use startup-manager,after install it(sudo apt-get install startupmanager) and run it, below the “Boot options”,you can make a choice with “Default operating system”,choose "windows xp", and all done!!

Tuning Kernel Parameters

2007-05-19T09:58:00.000+08:00

Many of the tunable performance items can be configured directly by the kernel. The command sysctl is used to view current kernel settings and adjust them. For example, to display all available parameters (in a sorted list), use:

sudo sysctl -a | sort | more

Note: There are a few tunable parameters that can only be accessed by root. Without sudo, you can still view most of the kernel parameters.

Each of the kernel parameters are in a field = value format. For example, the parameter kernel.threads-max = 16379 sets the maximum number of concurrent processes to 16,379. This is smaller than the maximum number of unique PIDs (65,536). Lowering the number of PIDs can improve performance on systems with slow CPUs or little RAM since it reduces the number of simultaneous tasks. On high-performance computers with dual processors, this value can be large. As an example, my 350 MHz iMac is set to 2,048, my dual-processor 200 MHz PC is set to 1024, and my 2.8 GHz dual processor PC is set to 16,379.

Tip: The kernel configures the default number of threads based on the available resources. Installing the same Ubuntu version on different hardware may set a different value. If you need an identical system (for testing, critical deployment, or sensitive compatibility), be sure to explicitly set this value.

There are two ways to adjust the kernel parameters. First, you can do it on the command line. For example, sudo sysctl -w kernel.threads-max=16000. This change takes effect immediately but is not permanent; if you reboot, this change will be lost. The other way to make a kernel change is to add the parameter to the /etc/sysctl.conf file. Adding the line kernel.threads-max=16000 will make the change take effect on the next reboot. Usually when tuning, you first use sysctl –w. If you like the change, then you can add it to /etc/sysctl.conf. Using sysctl –w first allows you to test modifications. In the event that everything breaks, you can always reboot to recover before committing the changes to /etc/sysctl.conf

Optimize Ubuntu Feisty Fawn for Speed - Tips for a faster Ubuntu machine!

2007-05-18T00:23:00.000+08:00

来源
If you use Ubuntu (Feisty Fawn) as your Linux distribution, which everyone knows it's a pretty fast Linux operating system, you can also do some tricks in order to get a boost. I will teach you today some quick hacks on how to improve the overall performance of your system.

WARNING: Please follow the instructions below very carefully, in the order in which they are listed below and reboot your machine after each one. If not, your operating system will NOT work anymore.

1. Boot tweaking

It is a very good idea to do this tweak when you first install Ubuntu, but you can also do it anytime after the installation. This will reorganize some files that are read when the computer boots and it makes the boot process a little faster. All you have to do is hit the ESC button to see the GRUB menu when the computer starts, then select the second line (the one that looks like this: /vmlinuz-2.6.20-15-generic root=UUID=6162302f-3f32-4b73-bb56-c42f4f9fbce2 ro quiet splash) and hit the "e" key to edit that line. Add the word profile at the end of this line (don't forget to put a space before you type profile). Hit enter when you're done and then push the "b" key on your keyboard in order to boot the system.

It will take a little longer to boot, but only this one time, because after this process it will boot faster.

2. Filesystem tweaks

The following tweaks are for EXT3 and ReiserFS filesystems

Open a console and type:

CODE


sudo gedit /etc/fstab

Add the following options marked in bold to the root (/) mount line. In other words, it should change from this:

# /dev/sdb2
UUID=f4d4d73d-4141-4701-a7e2-ec41664483a7 / ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro 0 1

into this:

# /dev/sdb2
UUID=f4d4d73d-4141-4701-a7e2-ec41664483a7 / ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro,noatime,data=writeback 0 1

Now type the following command in the console:

CODE


sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

And add this option:

rootflags=data=writeback

to the end of the following lines:

# defoptions=quiet splash rootflags=data=writeback

# altoptions=(recovery mode) single rootflags=data=writeback

Now save and close, and type the following command in the console:

CODE


sudo update-grub

Type now the following command in order to manually change your filesystem "on-the-fly" into writeback.

NOTE: Please note that /dev/sdb2 is my root (/) partition. If you have the root (/) partition in another place, change it accordingly. Please look in /etc/fstab for this!

WARNING: The next trick is only for EXT3 filesystems! For ReiserFS this will NOT work, so don't run the following command, just reboot your system for the changes to apply.

CODE


sudo tune2fs -o journal_data_writeback /dev/sdb2

That's all, now reboot your system and when you get back, you should feel an increased speed in video, image or audio usage.

3. Tuning Swappiness

If you have been running Linux systems for some time and you have used applications like 'top' to see what's going on in your machine, then you've probably wondered: Where has all my memory gone? You should know that the largest place is being used in the disk cache, as the cached memory is free and it can be replaced anytime if a newly started application needs that memory. Linux systems are made like this to use so much memory for disk cache because the RAM is wasted if is not used and if something needs the same data again, then there is a very good chance to be in the cache memory.

In a console type the following code:

CODE


sudo gedit /etc/sysctl.conf

Now add the following line at the end of this file:

CODE


vm.swappiness=0

The number at the end of this line can be between 0 and 100. At 100 the Linux kernel will prefer to find inactive pages and swap them out, while value 0 gives something close to the old behavior where applications that wanted memory could shrink the cache to a tiny fraction of RAM.

4. Concurrent booting

If you have a dual-core processor or one that supports hyperthreading then concurrent booting allows Ubuntu to take advantage of them. Just open a console and type the following code:

CODE


sudo gedit /etc/init.d/rc

and find the line CONCURRENCY=none and change it to:

CODE


CONCURRENCY=shell

Save and reboot your computer.

5. IPv6 tweaking

In Linux, most of the installed software uses the IPv4 Internet protocol in order to connect to the internet and because the IPv6 protocol is enabled by default in Ubuntu, you must create a file to block this protocol. Type the following code in a console:

CODE


sudo gedit /etc/modprobe.d/bad_list

and add the next line in that file:

CODE


alias net-pf-10 off

Remember to hit enter after you've added the above line, save and exit.

That will be all for now, please report if you see any improvements to your system. If anyone has more improvements, you can post them here anytime, so others will know about them!

Transfer Files with Bluetooth on Ubuntu Transfer Files with Bluetooth on Ubuntu - Activate Bluetooth file transfers on Ubuntu

2007-05-18T00:09:00.000+08:00

Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs). Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras and video game consoles over a secure, globally unlicensed short-range radio frequency.

Today I'll give you a quick example of how to transfer files via Bluetooth from/to your mobile phone. For this guide, I've used the Canyon Bluetooth CN-BTU2 USB 2.0 Adapter (picture in the left) and a Motorola v360 Bluetooth capable mobile phone.

Enable Bluetooth

In Ubuntu Edgy, Bluetooth support is enabled and started by default, so if you'll buy a Bluetooth adapter and plug it into the USB port, you may see a pop-up that let's you know that a Bluetooth device was found. However, if you don't have Bluetooth support in your Ubuntu Edgy, you can enable it as follows:

CODE


sudo apt-get install gnome-bluetooth bluez-utils

CODE


sudo /etc/init.d/bluetooth start stop restart

After this, you can control and communicate with Bluetooth devices if you enable the GNOME Bluetooth software, which you can find under Applications -> Accessories -> Bluetooth File Sharing

You can search for Bluetooth devices from the command-line as follows:

CODE


hcitool inq

The result of the inquiring was...

CODE


~$ hcitool inq
Inquiring ...
 00:17:00:98:39:E2 clock offset: 0x75a5 class: 0x522204

This is my Motorola v360 phone.

Transfer files via Bluetooth

From Mobile to PC

If you want to send files from your mobile phone to PC, then this is a very easy task, just select the file you want to transfer and according to your mobile device options, you can select to send the file to a Bluetooth device. It will ask you then which device to send to (mine was found as marius-desktop-0) and send the file. Simple as that!

From PC to the Mobile device

Now, if you want to send files from your PC to the mobile phone, you can use a lot of applications to do that.

Example 1:

1. Create a launcher on your desktop.
2. In the Command field, put the following line:

CODE


gnome-obex-send %s

3. Drag and drop files to the icon you've just created.

A window will appear asking you to select the device you want to transfer files to.

NOTE: Remember to turn on your Bluetooth on the mobile phone before you start the file transfers.

Example 2:

1. Right click on the file you wanna send to the mobile device, and go to "Send to..."
2. A window appears asking you were you want the file to be sent. From the drop down list, select Bluetooth (OBEX) and it will start searching for your phone's Bluetooth. When it's found, send the file.

The Kubuntu way

In Kubuntu, you have more options by accessing the mobile device if you type in Konqueror:

CODE


bluetooth:/

You will have Bluetooth services like:

- OBEX file transfer
- OBEX Object Push
- Dial-up networking Gateway
- Hands-Free voice gateway
- Image Push
- Voice Gateway

See examples of usage, below:

howto install rpm in Ubuntu!

2007-05-16T23:59:00.000+08:00

ubuntu是基于debian的linux

因此使用了debian的deb软件管理模式

所以是不能直接使用rpm的

如果需要使用rpm 那么你需要执行以下命令：

代码:

sudo apt-get install alien

在安装好之后，你需要把下载好的rpm进行转换

代码:

sudo alien XXXX.rpm

然后安装转换好的deb包

代码:

sudo dpkg -i xxxxx.deb

最后说明一点转换不一定成功最好是找该软件的deb版下载

New Programs and Themes in Ubuntu

2007-05-16T23:26:00.000+08:00

Wondering where you can find more programs and desktop themes for your Ubuntu system?

Where to look for new programs

Where to look for style elements for your desktop

install ubuntu-studio themes!

2007-05-16T23:17:00.000+08:00

1.编辑 /etc/apt/sources.list 加入下面一行:

deb http://archive.ubuntustudio.org/ubuntustudio feisty main

2. 搞到密钥：

$ wget http://archive.ubuntustudio.org/ubuntustudio.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -

3. 升级

$ sudo apt-get update

4. 如果想gdm theme, wallpapers, icon theme, session splashes 和gtk theme 全部安装就用这条命令：

$ sudo apt-get install ubuntustudio-look

当然你也可以挑其中你感兴趣的，比如我不装gdm theme 和 session splashes 那就用这条命令:

$ sudo apt-get install ubuntustudio-theme ubuntustudio-icon-theme ubuntustudio-wallpapers

星际译王的小技巧！

2007-05-15T22:07:00.000+08:00


$sdcv tired 
发现 2 条记录和 tired 相似。
-->朗道英汉字典5.0
-->tired

*[taiәd]
a. 疲累的, 疲乏的, 厌倦的
相关词组:
feel tired out

-->XDICT英汉辞典
-->tired

[ˊtaiәd]
a. 疲劳的,累的;厌倦的,厌烦的

Set Gmail as Default Mail Client in Ubuntu

2007-05-15T19:19:00.000+08:00

Every Geek uses Gmail… it’s pretty much required. And now you can set Gmail as the default client in Ubuntu without any extra software. (Windows requires the Gmail notifier be installed)

Just go to System \ Preferences \ Preferred Applications

Under Mail Reader, select Custom, and then put this into the Command window, changing "geek" to your username.

/home/geek/open_mailto.sh

Next, you’ll need to save this shell script into your user directory ( /home/username ). [Download]

For the curious, here’s the contents of the script:

#!/bin/sh

firefox https://mail.google.com/mail?view=cm&tf=0&to=`echo $1 | sed ’s/mailto://’`

If you’d like to make the script open a new tab in an existing Firefox window, you can replace the firefox line in the script with the following:

firefox -remote "openurl(https://mail.google.com/mail?view=cm&tf=0&to=`echo $1 | sed ’s/mailto://’`,new-tab)"

Update: If you want to make the script file hidden by default, you can rename it with a . at the beginning of the file like this: .open_mailto.sh. You’ll have to change the path in the preferences, of course.

Open a terminal and type in the following command, to make the script executable:

chmod u+x ~/open_mailto.sh

Now it should be working.

To test it out… I clicked the contact link on my page… and it immediately opened in Gmail.

Note that if you aren’t logged into Gmail you’ll be prompted to login to gmail… and you’ll have to click the email link again. Seems like Gmail’s login redirector won’t open the send mail page. But then again… why aren’t you logged into Gmail?

Update: Changed to point to a script so that the mailto: tag would be removed. Thanks VERY much to Mr Linux for not just noticing, but giving me the working script.

来源

howto apt!

2007-05-13T12:52:00.000+08:00

命令作用
apt-cache search package 搜索包
apt-cache show package 获取包的相关信息，如说明、大小、版本等
sudo apt-get install package 安装包
sudo apt-get install package - - reinstall 重新安装包
sudo apt-get -f install 强制安装?#"-f = --fix-missing"当是修复安装吧...
sudo apt-get remove package 删除包
sudo apt-get remove package - - purge 删除包，包括删除配置文件等
sudo apt-get update 更新源
sudo apt-get upgrade 更新已安装的包
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade 升级系统
sudo apt-get dselect-upgrade 使用 dselect 升级
apt-cache depends package 了解使用依赖
apt-cache rdepends package 了解某个具体的依赖?#当是查看该包被哪些包依赖吧...
sudo apt-get build-dep package 安装相关的编译环境
apt-get source package 下载该包的源代码
sudo apt-get clean && sudo apt-get autoclean 清理下载文件的存档 && 只清理无用的包
sudo apt-get check 检查是否有损坏的依赖

4 ubuntu tips for newcomes

2007-05-13T08:18:00.000+08:00

1.改变默认设置
Ubuntu所带来的一些默认设置或许是也或许不是你所期望的。比如，默认的编辑器是Nano，如果你习惯了实用Vim它就不是最佳的设置。

改变这些设置的简单办法便是使用 update-alternatives 程序，它维护着在 /etc/alternatives 目录下包括例如FTP、系统编辑器、rsh、Telnet、窗口管理器等的符号链接。观察一下 /etc/alternatives 目录便可知道有哪些程序被管理着。

要改变默认的编辑器，运行
$sudo update-alternatives --config editor
你将会看到象下面这样的这个对话设置：

There are 3 alternatives which provide `editor'.
Selection Alternative
--------------------------------------
1 /usr/bin/vim
2 /bin/ed
*+ 3 /bin/nano
Press enter to keep the default[*], or type selection number:

只要输入 1 就可以换装默认编辑器为Vim。注意在我的系统上，我没有安装Emacs或其他的编辑器；如果我安装了，这个工具也会提供其他编辑器作为选择。

只要输入 1 就可以换装默认编辑器为Vim。注意在我的系统上，我没有安装Emacs或其他的编辑器；如果我安装了，这个工具也会提供其他编辑器作为选择。
2.Sudo 和 gksudo
如果你曾经使用过一段时间的Linux，当你需要安装软件包时你可能直接的使用root来运行程序，更改你的系统配置等等。然而，Ubuntu采用了一种不同的方式。Ubuntu安装程序没有设定一个root用户──root用户帐号仍然存在，但是它被设置了一个随机的密码。用户可以通过使用 sudo 和 gksudo 来完成管理任务。

你大概已经知道如何使用sudo──只需要运行
$sudo commandname
但是要作为root（或是其他用户）来运行一个图形界面的应用程序呢？简单──使用 gksudo 来代替 sudo。举个例子，如果你想以root身份运行Ethereal，只需要打开一个对话框(Alt-F2)并使用 gksudo ethereal 。

随便说一下，如果你真的必须以root身份工作，你可以使用
$sudo su -
这将让你以root身份登陆。如果你确实想拥有root密码，这样以便你用来直接使用root帐户（如比，不需要使用sudo），在你以root身份登陆后运行 passwd ，并设置一个你认为合适的密码。我建议使用 pwgen 软件包来创建对于所有用户而不仅仅是root用户的安全密码。
3.如何配置 X.org
多数情况下，X.org──用来驱动你的显卡并提供图形界面基础，不管你是运行GNOME,KDE,Xfce或者其他窗口管理器──当你安装Ubuntu时也会运行，实际上，我敢打赌，很多Ubuntu用户从未关心过他们的显示环境。

但是，某些时候你需要重新配置X.org因为当Ubuntu不能发现你的显卡和显示器的时候，或者你正好购买了一张新的显卡并决定让它在 Ubuntu上运行。不管什么原因，弄清楚如何通过编辑 /etc/X11/xorg.conf 的手工方式在重新配置X环境总是有好处的。

要运行配置，在字符界面或者终端窗口中里使用
$dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg
接下来你将会对你的显示器和显卡，分辨率以及颜色质量等作出你希望的选择。

接着的每个设置都是不同的，在此想要给出完美配置X的建议是非常困难的，但是接受默认的设置通常都会让X正常工作。还有你需要作出配置显示器高、中、简单三个等级的配置方式。作为一个标准，选择简单这可能是最容易的配置方式方式，否则除非你真的知道你在做什么，或者简单模式并不能让你的显示环境正常工作。

最后，不要使用 make install 当你从源代码编译完成之后──使用 CheckInstall 来代替。CheckInstall 将会创建一个Debian软件包并为你安装它，因为之后你能更容易的升级或是软出这个软件。

可以通过$apt-get install checkinstall来安装CheckInstall。在你运行 ./configure ; make 之后，只需要运行 sudo checkinstall 并且回答一些简单的问题。注意如果你在AMD64上编译软件包，CheckInstall将会选择X86_64结构而不是AMD64──这将引起软件包的安装失败，since Ubuntu expects amd64 as the architecture rather than X86_64.

如何保护笔记本的硬盘和电池

2007-05-12T21:53:00.000+08:00

硬盘的重要性不言而喻，正确的使用与维护不但可以延长硬盘的使用寿命，更能免除因数据丢失带来的烦恼和损失。

避免震动

震动是硬盘的一大死敌，强烈的震动会造成读写异常甚至是盘片或磁头的物理损伤。用户要尽量避免在颠簸较大的汽车、轮船上使用笔记本；在硬盘长时间读写数据时最好把笔记本放在平稳桌面上；打字时注意不要重力敲击；避免挤压硬盘所在区域，如单手拿起笔记本，在笔记本上放置重物等。当然，笔记本的优势之一就是移动办公，一些震动不可避免。所以可以在购买时留意一下带防震功能的硬盘或配备一个防震减震垫等。

避免高温和其它恶劣环境

避免长时间（超过12小时）连续使用笔记本；避免放在被子、腿上使用笔记本，以免堵住通风道。潮湿、强磁场、阳光直射的环境下使用笔记本对硬盘的影响非常大。用户要尽量避免在浴室、音箱低音炮旁边等环境下使用笔记本，如果无法避免，也只能短时间内使用。

避免频繁读写数据

不要长时间连续使用笔记本BT下载，不要用笔记本做资源服务器；使用Windows XP操作系统的用户，强烈建议添加至512MB内存或者更大以减少读写硬盘的机率。使用Windows Vista操作系统的用户，强烈建议添加至1GB内存或者更大以减少读写硬盘的机率。

定期整理文件

系统在使用了一段时间后，硬盘就会产生较多的文件碎片，影响数据存取速度从而加速硬盘老化。用户最好能每一两个月就进行一次磁盘整理，半年左右重装一次系统，但也不要太频繁，这对提高系统速度十分有效。

笔记本电池使用时间长了，就常常充不满，甚至显示损坏，因此必须在使用时注意一些小技巧：不管你的笔记本使用锂电还是镍氢电，尽可能要将电量基本用尽后再充（电量低于5％），这是避免记忆效应的最好方法。充电时，尽量避免时间过长，一般控制在12小时以内。

使用AC外接电源时最好将电池拔掉，否则电池长时间处于发热状态对其寿命有影响。电池若长期不用，请至少二个月冲放电一次，以保证它的活性。在保管电池时也有一个需要注意的问题。为了防止过度放电，可以在半充电状态下将锂离子保存在凉爽干燥处，然后每半年一次，再将其电量充至一半的状态。

电池在使用了一段时间之后就会衰老，具体表现是内阻变大，在充电的时候两端电压上升得比较快，这样就容易被充电控制线路判定为已经充满了，容量也自然是下降了。电池校正是对付衰老电池的有效方法，少数笔记本会有专用的电池校正软件。如果你的笔记本没有专用的放电软件，那么可以按照下面的步骤进行：

将屏幕保护禁用；
在Windows电源管理中将电源使用方案设置为"一直开着"；
在警报选项卡中将"电量不足警报"设置为10%，操作设置为"无操作"；
将"电量严重短缺警报"设置为3%，操作为"等待"；
把屏幕亮度调到最高；
确认关闭了所有的窗口，并且保存了所有之前工作的数据；
确认电池充电在80%以上后，拔掉电源和一切外接设备。

放电结束后笔记本会自动关机，之后将电源插上让笔记本充电，反复2～3遍，目的是让电池持续小电流放电，而这种放电状态在我们的日常使用中是不可能达到的，其效果与那些专用的放电软件基本一致。

Ctrl-Alt-Del in Ubuntu + Beryl

2007-05-09T19:17:00.000+08:00

For those who is running Ubuntu, there’s a package in automatix that allows you you bring up Gnome System Monitor with Ctrl-Alt-Del but since I got Beryl… that doesn’t work. I googled but can’t find anything. It took me a while sniffing around beryl manager but I finally found it.

Here’s how:

1. In the Beryl settings under “General Options”.
2. Select “General Options” > “commands” tab.
3. Expand any of the commands(0-11). Your choice.
4. In the “Command line X” field, type (where X is your choice whatever)

gnome-system-monitor

5. Now select the “Shortcuts” tab.
6. Expand “Commands”
7. Dbl-Click on “Run command X”
8. Now just assign Ctrl-Alt-Del to that. Or just any shortcut of your choice.
来源

解决Mplayer声音图像不同步问题！

2007-05-08T21:05:00.000+08:00

把“Video”标签页的“Enable frame Dropping"(允许丢帧）勾选就可以解决声音与图像不同步。

Listen Tango

2007-05-07T23:38:00.000+08:00

一套专为 Listen（一个音乐播放及管理软件）而制作的 Tango 图标主题，其安装方法详见 README 文件。

图标主题下载

How To Empty the Ubuntu Gnome Trash from the Command Line

2007-05-07T23:09:00.000+08:00

How To Empty the Ubuntu Gnome Trash from the Command Line

Ubuntu has a trash can/recycle bin feature similar to windows. The difference with Ubuntu is that you can empty the trash from the command line.

Here’s the full trash icon, in the lower right hand corner:

Just open a terminal and type in the following command:

rm -rf ~/.Trash/*

Trash has been taken out!

解决ubuntu自带PDF阅读器乱码问题

2007-05-06T22:25:00.000+08:00

代码:

sudo apt-get install xpdf-chinese-simplified

How to Create PDF Documents in Ubuntu

2007-05-06T18:41:00.000+08:00

转自ubuntu geek
If you are using OpenOffice it is very easy to create documents there is an option in the File menu ‘Export as PDF’.For other applications, you will need to do the following procedure

We need to install cups-pdf this software is designed to produce PDF files in a heterogeneous network by providing a PDF printer on the central fileserver. It is available under the GPL and is packaged for many different distributions or can be built directly out of the source files.

Install cups-pdf

sudo apt-get install cups-pdf

You need to chnage the following file permissions

sudo chmod +s /usr/lib/cups/backend/cups-pdf

Configure CUPS for the PDF printer.

- Select SYSTEM > ADMINISTRATION > PRINTERS > NEW PRINTER
- Select LOCAL PRINTER
- Use detected printer: PDF PRINTER
- Select Print Driver:
- Manufacturer: Generic
- Model: Postscript Color Printer
- Name: postscript-color-printer-rev3b
- Click APPLY

When printing from any application, select the newly created postscript-color-printer-rev3b printer to generate PDF files.

Output files are stored in your home directory under /PDF subirectory.

To change the default location of the PDF output

Edit the /etc/cups/cups-pdf.conf file

gksudo gedit /etc/cups/cups-pdf.conf

look for

Out ${HOME}/PDF

and change to something like below

Out ${HOME}/my_print_to_pdf_folder

and restart

sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart

其实有了OOo,这东西真没什么必要！：）

how to fix the error fail to load the desktop after rebooting X-window!

2007-05-04T22:43:00.000+08:00

Code:

killall nautilus

试了一下，显示：

Code:

nautilus: no process killed

看来nautilus这个程序是关键。于是直接运行nautilus，桌面图标马上就显示出来了。
接着Ctrl+C，桌面一闪然后就又一切正常了。看来nautilus还智能的。
顺便提一下， gnome下刷新面板的方法：

Code:

killall gnome-panel

Pidgin 2.0.0 final

2007-05-04T19:03:00.000+08:00

Pidgin——支持多种协议的即时通讯工具，其 2.0.0 正式版目前已可从 SourceForge 上下载得到。然而，现在还不能从 Pidgin 的官方网站上看到相应的发布消息，也许开发者们正在准备吧。只需要一个软件便可同时登录QQ，MSN，Gtalk已不再是梦想！

Download Pidgin 2.0.0

编译安装：

获取 Pidgin 2.0.0 的源代码。我下载的是 pidgin-2.0.0.tar.bz2。
准备编译 Pidgin 所需的依赖：sudo apt-get build-dep gaim
tar jxvf pidgin-2.0.0.tar.bz2
cd pidgin-2.0.0/
./configure --prefix=/usr，建议在执行此步时使用 ./configure --help 查询需要使用的选项，可根据自己的实际情况选择。
make
sudo make install

经过以上步骤后，Pidgin 就安装到系统中了。在终端中输入 pidgin 即可执行程序。

Pidgin 2.0.0 主窗口截图

Pidgin 2.0.0 聊天窗口截图

Pidgin 2.0.0 关于窗口截图

howto update and install software after delete /var/cache/apt/archives!

2007-05-04T12:04:00.000+08:00

several days ago I was too boring to do anything else, so I delete all the files under /var/cache/apt/archives, because it is said all these files are installed software packages, I thought they are useless. Then here comes a big problem, when I type apt-get install * or apt-get update, the terminal will give the hint that could not open lock file /var/cache/apt/archives/lock - open, and unable to lock the download directory,
I do

Code:

sudo mkdir /var/cache/apt/archives
sudo mkdir /var/cache/apt/archives/lock
sudo aptitude update
sudo aptitude upgrade

now I can do

Code:

sudo apt-get update

and

Code:

sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

but, there is still a problem that I can't install any software ,when I do

Code:

sudo apt-get install *

I got the message:

Code:

E:could not open lock file  /var/cache/apt/archives/lock - open(21 is a directory)
E:unable to lock the download directory!

Then I tried this:

Code:

sudo mv /var/cache/apt/archives/lock ~/.
sudo apt-get clean

to remove the lock.and it's finally works. :)
By the way, the best way to delete the downloaded package is:

Code:

sudo apt-get clean

and you never try to delete any files under filesystem without a backup.

how to fix the Error:opening/initializing the selected video_out (-vo)device

2007-05-04T11:51:00.000+08:00

you are getting this: Error opening/initializing the selected video_out (-vo)device error when you run mplayer , open terminal and run this command:
code:

 gmplayer -vo x11 -ao oss

and play your file. REMEMBER this only applies after installing mplayer and codecs.

I find many ubuntuers besides me meet this problem,hope this can help you.
Another question is mplayer can't play a movie file by fullcreen, then you should edit ~/.mplayer/config and just add the line:

Code:

zoom=yes

that seemed to do the trick .

Ultimate Ubuntu performance tweaking guide

2007-05-03T22:09:00.000+08:00

Lets start first with the kernel:

apt-get install build-essential libncurses-dev kernel-package
cd /usr/src
wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.20.tar.bz2

This will download the latest sources available, in my case linux-2.6.20.tar.bz2

cd /usr/src
tar -xjf linux-2.6.20.tar.bz2
cd linux-2.6.20

Now lets apply the Con Kolivas patches, these are patches designed to improve system responsiveness with specific emphasis on the desktop, but suitable to any workload.

wget www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/ck/patches/2.6/2.6.20/2.6.20-ck1/patch-2.6.20-ck1.bz2
bzcat patch-2.6.20-ck1.bz2 |patch -p1

Copy the current kernel config and configuring the kernel

cp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config
make menuconfig

In “General Setup” activate:
- Support for paging of anonymous memory (swap)
- Support for prefetching swapped memory

In “Processor type and features“:
- Processor family Choose the model of your processor.
- set Preemption Model to Voluntary Kernel Preemption (Desktop)
- High Memory Support
- off - if you have less than 1 GB of RAM
- 1GB Low Memory Support - if you have 1GB of RAM
- 4GB - if you have more than 1GB of RAM
- set Timer frequency to 1000 Hz

In “Kernel hacking” uncheck “Kernel debugging“.

Now exit and save the configuration.

Making the new kernel package:
make-kpkg -initrd –revision=LinuxMonitor1 kernel_image kernel_headers modules_image

Installing the new kernel
cd ..
dpkg -i *.deb

HDParm

sudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf

at the bottom add:

/dev/hda {
dma = on
io32_support = 1
}

/dev/cdroms/cdrom0 {
dma = on
interrupt_unmask = on
io32_support = 0
}

Concurrent Booting

Concurrent booting allows Ubuntu to take advantage of dual-core processors, as well as processors that hyperthread or multithread
or what ever the different companies call it now.

sudo gedit /etc/init.d/rc

Look through the file and you will find CONCURRENCY=none.
You must change it to: CONCURRENCY=shell

Prelink

Disclaimer: Prelinking might break your system! Only consider for use if you can risk the chance that your install might mess up. Most of all make sure that it gets to run the whole thing through the first time you prelink. Stopping in the middle can lead to system failure. Prelinking is a powerful device and needs to be used with care.

Prelink is no longer necessary in Feisty. Feisty uses a new linking mechanism called DT_GNU_HASH which dramatically speeds up the linking process without the need for continuously running this prelink program. Again, prelink is NOT useful starting from Feisty

How to enable prelink

1. Activate Ubuntu universe sources
2. Put this command into terminal to install Prelink:

sudo apt-get install prelink

3. Now put this command into the terminal:

sudo gedit /etc/default/prelink

4. Change where it says “PRELINKING=unknown” from unknown to “yes”
5. Adjust the other options if you know what the heck you’re doing. If it looks foreign to you, the defaults work well.
6. To start the first prelink (the longest one!), put this in terminal:

sudo /etc/cron.daily/prelink

Automatic Prelinking After Program Are Installed

One problem with prelinking in that when you install new programs those programs are not prelinked. So to avoid this problem when installing programs with apt-get or synaptic, use the directions below.

1. Put this in terminal:

sudo gedit /etc/apt/apt.conf

2. When the file opens in Gedit, put this line at the end of the file and save (even if the file has no content before you add the line):

DPkg::Post-Invoke {”echo Running prelink, please wait…;/etc/cron.daily/prelink”;}

General Notes About Prelinking

In the future, prelink performs a quick prelink (a less-than-1-minute procedure on most systems) daily, usually at midnight. Every 14 days, or whatever you changed it to be, a full prelink will run.

If you just did a major apt-get upgrade that changed systemwide libraries (i.e. libc6, glibc, major gnome/X libs, etc etc etc) and experience cryptic errors about libs, rerun step 6.

To undo prelink, change step 4 from yes to no, then rerun step 6.

Prelinking will make the binaries it prelinks change, so it’s not appropriate if you have tripwire or another checksum-based IDS system, or if you do incremental or differential backups to save on space.

Services

*Note you might not have all these services on your box.

To enable/disable services go to System -> Administration -> Services

1. acpi-support - leave it on.
2. acpid - The acpi daemon. These two are for power management, quite important for laptop and desktop computers, so leave them on.
3. alsa - If you use alsa sound subsystem, yes leave it on. But if you have the service below, its safe to be off. The default is off when alsa-utils is on.
4. alsa-utils - On my system, this service supercedes the alsa, so I turn off the alsa and turn this on at S level.
5. anacron - A cron subsystem that executes any cron jobs not being executed when the time is on. Most likely you’ve probably turned your computer off when a certain cron job time is ready. For example, updatedb is scheduled at 2am everyday, but at that moment, you computer is off, then if anacron service is on, it will try to catch up that updatedb cron.
6. apmd - If you computer is not that old which can’t even support acpi, then you may try to turn this off.
7. atd - like cron, a job scheduler. I turned it off.
8. binfmt-support - Kernel supports other format of binary files. I left it on.
9. bluez-utiles - I turned it off. I don’t have any bluetooth devices.
10. bootlogd - Leave it on.
11. cron - Leave it on.
12. cupsys - subsystem to manager your printer. I don’t have one so I turned it off, but if you do, just leave it on.
13. dbus - Message bus system. Very important, leave it on.
14. dns-clean - Mainly for cleaning up the dns info when using dial-up connection. I don’t use dial up, so I turn it off.
15. evms - Enterprise Volumn Management system. I turned it off.
16. fetchmail - A mail receving daemon. I turned it off.
17. gdm - The gnome desktop manager. I turned it off anyway since I get use to boot to console first. This is up to you if you want to boot directly to GUI.
18. gdomap - You can turn it off.
19. gpm - Mouse support for console. If you feel you’d better have a mouse on console, go turn it on.
20. halt - Don’t change it.
21. hdparm - tuning harddisk script, should be on.
22. hibernate - If your system support hibernate, leave it on. Otherwise, its useless for you.
23. hotkey-setup - This daemon setup some hotkey mappings for Laptop. Manufacturers supported are: HP, Acer, ASUS, Sony, Dell, and IBM. If you have a laptop in those brands, you can leave it on, otherwise, this might not have any benefits for you.
24. hotplug and hotplug-net - activating hotplug subsystems takes time. I’d consider to turn them off.
25. hplip - HP printing and Image subsystem. I turned it off.
26. ifrename - network interface rename script. Sounds pretty neat but I turned it off. Mainly for managing multiple network interfaces names. Since I have a wireless card and an ethernet card, they all assigned eth0 and ath0 from kernel, so its not really useful for me.
27. ifupdown and ifupdown-clean - Leave it on. They are network interfaces activation scripts for the boot time.
28. inetd or inetd.real - take a look your /etc/inetd.conf file and comment out any services that you don’t need.
29. klogd - Leave it on.
30. laptop-mode - A service to tweak the battery utilization when using laptops. You can leave it on.
31. linux-restricted-modules-common - You need to see if you really have any restricted modules loaded on your system. I’d leave it on.
32. lvm - I don’t use it so I turned it off. Leave it on if you *DO* have lvm.
33. makedev - Leave it on.
34. mdamd - Raid management tool. I don’t use it so I turned it off.
35. mdamd-raid - Raid tool. If you don’t have Raid devices, turn it off.
36. module-init-tools - Load extra modules from /etc/modules file. You can investigate your /etc/modules file and see if there is any modules that you don’t need. Normally, this is turned on.
37. mountvirtfs - mount virtual filesystems. Leave it on.
38. networking - bring up network interfaces and config dns info during boot time by scaning /etc/network/interfaces file. Leave it on.
39. ntpdate - Sync time with the ubuntu time server. Leave it on if you want.
40. nvidia-kernel - I compiled the nvidia driver by myself, so its useless for me now. If you use the ubuntu nvidia driver from the restrict modules, just leave it on. 41. pcmcia - pcmcia device - useless if you are using desktop which doesn’t have pcmcia card. So in that case, turn it off please.
42. portmap - daemon for managing services like nis, nfs, etc. If your laptop or desktop is a pure client, then turn it off.
43. powernowd - client to manage cpufreq. Mainly for laptops that support CPU speed stepping technology. Normally, you should leave it on if you are configuring a laptop, but for desktop, it might be useless.
44. ppp and ppp-dns - Useless to me. I don’t have dial-up.
45. readahead - It seems readahead is a kind of “preloader”. It loads at startup some libs on memory, so that some programs will start faster. But it increases startup time for about 3-4 seconds. So, you can keep it… or not. I tested and I just didn’t feel difference loading programs. So I decided to turn it off. If you have a reason to keep it on, please do so.
46. reboot - Don’t change it.
47. resolvconf - Automatically configuring DNS info according to your network status. I left it on.
48. rmnologin - Remove nologin if it finds it. It wouldn’t happen on my laptop, so I got rid of it.
49. rsync - rsync daemon. I don’t use it on my laptop, so turned it off.
50. sendsigs - send signals during reboot or shutdown. Leave it as it is.
51. single - Active single user mode. Leave it as it is.
52. ssh - ssh daemon. I need this so I turned it on.
53. stop-bootlogd - stop bootlogd from 2,3,4,5 runlevel. Leave it as it is.
54. sudo - check sudo stauts. I don’t see any good to run it everytime on a laptop or desktop client, so I turned it off.
55. sysklogd - Leave it as it is.
56. udev and udev-mab - Userspace dev filesystem. Good stuff, I left them on.
57. umountfs - Leave it as it is.
58. urandom - Random number generator. Might not useful but I left it on.
59. usplash - Well, if you really want to see the nice boot up screen, leave it as it is.
60. vbesave - video card BIOS configuration tool. Its able to save your video card status. I left it on.
61. xorg-common - setup X server ICE socket. Leave it as it is.
62. adjtimex - This is a kernel hw clock time adjusting too. Normally, you shouldn’t see this on your boot up list. In very rare case if you do see its on your boot up process, then there might be a reason why it is on, so better leave it that way. In my case, it is off.
63. dirmngr - A certification lists management tool. Work with gnupg. You will have to see if you need it or not. In my case, I turned it off.
64. hwtools - A tool to optimize irqs. Not sure what’s the benefits of turning it on. In my case, I turned it off.
65. libpam-devperm - A daemon to fix device files permissions after a system crash. Sounds pretty good, so I left it on.
66. lm-sensors - If you matherboard has builtin some sensor chips, it might be helpful to see hw status via userspace. I ran it and it said “No sensors found”, so I turned it off.
67. screen-cleanup - A script to cleanup the boot up screen. Well, turn on or off is up to you. In my case, I left it on.
68. xinetd - A inetd super daemon to manage other damons. In my system, the xinetd is managing chargen, daytime, echo and time (find them from /etc/xinetd.d dir), I care none of them, so I turned it off. If you do have some important services configured under xinetd, then leave it on.

linux学习笔记(6）开机流程简介

2007-05-03T15:11:00.001+08:00

开机流程简介
1、載入 BIOS 的硬體資訊，並取得第一個開機裝置的代號；
2、讀取第一個開機裝置的 MBR 的 boot Loader (亦即是 lilo, grub, spfdisk 等等) 的開機資訊；
3、載入 Kernel 作業系統核心資訊， Kernel 開始解壓縮，並且嘗試驅動所有硬體裝置；
4、Kernel 執行 init 程式並取得 run-level 資訊；
5、init 執行 /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit 檔案；
6、啟動核心的外掛模組 (/etc/modprobe.conf)；
7、init 執行 run-level 的各個批次檔( Scripts )；
8、init 執行 /etc/rc.d/rc.local 檔案；
9、執行 /bin/login 程式，並等待使用者登入；
10、登入之後開始以 Shell 控管主機。
在/etc/rc.d/rc3.d內,以S开头的为开机启动,以K开头的为关闭,接着的数字代表执行顺序
GRUB vga设定
彩度\解析度 640x480 800x600 1024x768 1280x1024 bit
256 769 771 773 775 8 bit
32768 784 787 790 793 15 bit
65536 785 788 791 794 16 bit
16.8M 786 789 792 795 32 bit

./configure 检查系统信息 ./configure --help | more 帮助信息
make clean 清除之前留下的文件
make 编译
make install 安装
rpm -q ----->查询是否安装 rpm -ql ------>查询该套件所有的目录
rpm -qi ----->查询套件的说明资料 rpm -qc[d] ----->设定档与说明档
rpm -ivh ---->安装 rpm -V -------->查看套件有否更动过
rpm -e ------>删除 rpm -Uvh ------->升级安装
--nodeps ----->强行安装 --test ----->测试安装

转http://blog.chinaunix.net/u/30619/showart.php?id=249558

linux学习笔记(5）帐户管理

2007-05-03T15:09:00.001+08:00

帐号管理
/etc/passwd 系统帐号信息
/etc/shadow 帐号密码信息经MD5 32位加密
在密码栏前面加『 * 』『 ! 』禁止使用某帐号
/etc/group 系统群组信息
/etc/gshadow
newgrp 改变登陆组
useradd & adduser 建立新用户 ---------> useradd -m test 自动建立用户的登入目录
useradd -m -g pgroup test --------->指定所属级
/etc/default/useradd 相关设定
/etc/login.defs UID/GID 有關的設定
passwd 更改密码 -----------> passwd test
usermod 修改用户帐号
userdel 删除帐号 ----------->userdel -r test
chsh 更换登陆系统时使用的SHELL [-l]显示可用的SHELL;[-s]修改自己的SHELL
chfn 改变finger指令显示的信息
finger 查找并显示用户信息
id 显示用户的ID -----------> id test
groupadd 添加组
groupmod 与usermod类似
groupdel 删除组
su test 更改用户 su - 进入root,且使用root的环境变量
sudo 以其他身份来执行指令
visudo 编辑/etc/sudoers 加入一行『 test ALL=(ALL) ALL 』
%wheel ALL = (ALL) ALL 系统里所有wheel群组的用户都可用sudo
%wheel ALL = (ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL wheel群组所有用户都不用密码NOPASSWD
User_Alias ADMPW = vbird, dmtsai, vbird1, vbird3 加入ADMPW组
ADMPW ALL = NOPASSWD: !/usr/bin/passwd, /usr/bin/passwd [A-Za-z]*, \
!/usr/bin/passwd root 可以更改使用者密码,但不能更改root密码 (在指令前面加入 ! 代表不可)
PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules, 嵌入式模組)
who & w 看谁在线
last 最近登陆主机的信息
lastlog 最近登入的時間读取 /var/log/lastlog
talk 与其他用户交谈
write 发送信息 write test [ctrl]+d 发送
mesg 设置终端机的写入权限 mesg n 禁止接收 mesg y
wall 向所有用户发送信息 wall this is q test
mail 写mail
/etc/default/useradd 家目录默认设置
quota 显示磁盘已使用的空间与限制 quota -guvs ----->秀出目前 root 自己的 quota 限制值
quota -vu 查询
quotacheck 检查磁盘的使用空间与限制 quotacheck -avug ----->將所有的在 /etc/mtab 內，含有 quota 支援的 partition 進行掃瞄
[-m] 强制扫描
quota一定要是独立的分区,要有quota.user和quota.group两件文件,在/etc/fstab添加一句:
/dev/hda3 /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2
chmod 600 quota* 设置完成,重启生效
edquota 编辑用户或群组的quota [u]用户,[g]群组,[p]复制,[t]设置宽限期限
edquota -a yang edquota -p yang -u young ----->复制
quotaon 开启磁盘空间限制 quotaon -auvg -------->啟動所有的具有 quota 的 filesystem
quotaoff 关闭磁盘空间限制 quotaoff -a -------->關閉了 quota 的限制
repquota -av 查閱系統內所有的具有 quota 的 filesystem 的限值狀態
Quota 從開始準備 filesystem 的支援到整個設定結束的主要的步驟大概是：
1、設定 partition 的 filesystem 支援 quota 參數：
由於 quota 必須要讓 partition 上面的 filesystem 支援才行，一般來說，支援度最好的是 ext2/ext3 ，
其他的 filesystem 類型鳥哥我是沒有試過啦！啟動 filesystem 支援 quota 最簡單就是編輯 /etc/fstab ，
使得準備要開放的 quota 磁碟可以支援 quota 囉；
2、建立 quota 記錄檔：
剛剛前面講過，整個 quota 進行磁碟限制值記錄的檔案是 aquota.user/aquota.group，
要建立這兩個檔案就必須要先利用 quotacheck 掃瞄才行喔！
3、編輯 quota 限制值資料：
再來就是使用 edquota 來編輯每個使用者或群組的可使用空間囉；
4、重新掃瞄與啟動 quota ：
設定好 quota 之後，建議可以再進行一次 quotacheck ，然後再以 quotaon 來啟動吧！

linux学习笔记(4）shell初步知识

2007-05-03T15:08:00.001+08:00

认识SHELL
alias 显示当前所有的命令别名 alias lm="ls -al" 命令别名 unalias lm 取消命令别名
type 类似which
exprot 设置或显示环境变量
exprot PATH="$PATH":/sbin 添加/sbin入PATH路径
echo $PATH 显示PATH路径
bash 进入子程序
name=yang 设定变量
unset name 取消变量
echo $name 显示变量的内容
myname="$name its me" & myname='$name its me' 单引号时$name失去变量内容
ciw=/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ 设置路径
env 列出所有环境变量
echo $RANDOM 显示随意产生的数
set 设置SHELL
PS1='[\u@\h \w \A #\#]\$ ' 提示字元的設定
[root@linux ~]# read [-pt] variable -----------读取键盘输入的变量
參數：
-p ：後面可以接提示字元！
-t ：後面可以接等待的『秒數！』
declare 声明 shell 变量
ulimit -a 显示所有限制资料
ls /tmp/yang && echo "exist" || echo "not exist"
意思是說，當 ls /tmp/yang 執行後，若正確，就執行echo "exist" ,若有問題，就執行echo "not exist"
echo $PATH | cut -d ':' -f 5 以:为分隔符,读取第5段内容
export | cut -c 10-20 读取第10到20个字节的内容
last | grep 'root' 搜索有root的一行,加[-v]反向搜索
cat /etc/passwd | sort 排序显示
cat /etc/passwd | wc 显示『行、字数、字节数』
正规表示法
[root@test root]# grep [-acinv] '搜尋字串' filename
參數說明：
-a ：將 binary 檔案以 text 檔案的方式搜尋資料
-c ：計算找到 '搜尋字串' 的次數
-i ：忽略大小寫的不同，所以大小寫視為相同
-n ：順便輸出行號
-v ：反向選擇，亦即顯示出沒有 '搜尋字串' 內容的那一行！
grep -n 'the' 123.txt 搜索the字符 -----------搜尋特定字串
grep -n 't[ea]st' 123.txt 搜索test或taste两个字符---------利用 [] 來搜尋集合字元
grep -n '[^g]oo' 123.txt 搜索前面不为g的oo-----------向選擇 [^]
grep -n '[0-9]' 123.txt 搜索有0-9的数字
grep -n '^the' 123.txt 搜索以the为行首-----------行首搜索^
grep -n '^[^a-zA-Z]' 123.txt 搜索不以英文字母开头
grep -n '[a-z]$' 123.txt 搜索以a-z结尾的行---------- 行尾搜索$
grep -n 'g..d' 123.txt 搜索开头g结尾d字符----------任意一個字元 .
grep -n 'ooo*' 123.txt 搜索至少有两个oo的字符---------重複字元 *
sed 文本流编辑器利用脚本命令来处理文本文件
awd 模式扫描和处理语言
nl 123.txt | sed '2,5d' 删除第二到第五行的内容
diff 比较文件的差异
cmp 比较两个文件是否有差异
patch 修补文件
pr 要打印的文件格式化

linux学习笔记(3）vi的一般用法

2007-05-03T15:07:00.001+08:00

vi一般用法
一般模式编辑模式指令模式
h 左 a,i,r,o,A,I,R,O :w 保存
j 下进入编辑模式 :w! 强制保存
k 上 dd 删除光标当前行 :q! 不保存离开
l 右 ndd 删除n行 :wq! 保存后离开
0 移动到行首 yy 复制当前行 :e! 还原原始档
$ 移动到行尾 nyy 复制n行 :w filename 另存为
H 屏幕最上 p,P 粘贴 :set nu 设置行号
M 屏幕中央 u 撤消 :set nonu 取消行号
L 屏幕最下 [Ctrl]+r 重做上一个动作 ZZ 保存离开
G 档案最后一行 [ctrl]+z 暂停退出 :set nohlsearch 永久地关闭高亮显示
/work 向下搜索 :sp 同时打开两个文档
?work 向上搜索 [Ctrl]+w 两个文档设换
gg 移动到档案第一行 :nohlsearch 暂时关闭高亮显示

linux学习笔记(2）常用命令

2007-05-03T15:03:00.000+08:00

uname -a 查看内核版本
ls -al 显示所有文件的属性
pwd 显示当前路径
cd - 返回上一次目录 cd ~ 返回主目录
date s 设置时间、日期
cal 显示日历 cal 2006
bc 计算器具
man & info 帮助手册
locale 显示当前字体 locale -a 所有可用字体 /etc/sysconfig/i18n设置文件
LANG=en 使用英文字体
sync 将数据同步写入硬盘
shutdonw -h now & half & poweroff 关机
reboot 重启
startx & init 5 进入图形介面
/work & ?work 向上、下查找文档内容
chgrp 改变档案群组 chgrp testing install.log
chown 改变所属人 chown root:root install.log
chmod 改变属性 chmod 777 install.log read=4 write=2 execute=1
cp 复制 cp filename
rm 删除文件 rm -rf filename 强制删除文件
rmdir 删除文件夹
mv 移动 mv 123.txt 222.txt 重命名
mkdir 创建文件夹
touch 创建文件更新当前时间
cat 由第一行开始显示 cat |more 分页
nl 在内容前加行号
more & less 一面一面翻动
head -n filename 显示第N行内容
tail -n filename 显示后N行内容
od 显示非纯文档
df -h 显示分区空间
du 显示目录或文件的大小
fdisk 分区设置 fdisk -l /dev/hda 显示硬盘分区状态
mkfs 建立各种文件系统 mkfs -t ext3 /dev/ram15
fsck 检查和修复LINUX档案
ln 硬链接 ln -s 软件链接
whereis 查找命令
locate 查找
find 查找 find / -name "***.***"
which 查看工具
whoami 显示当前用户
gcc -v 查看GCC版本
chattr +i filename 禁止删除 chattr -i filename 取消禁止
lsattr 显示隐藏档属性
updatedb 更新资料库
mke2fs 格式化 mkfs -t ext3
dd if=/etc/passwd of=/tmp/passwd.bak 备份
mount 列出系统所有的分区
mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom 挂载光盘
mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy 挂载软盘
mount -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000 /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2 挂载fat32分区
mount -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=000 /dev/hda3 /mnt/hda3 挂载ntfs分区
Linux-NTFS Project: http://linux-ntfs.sourceforge.net/
umount /mnt/hda3 缷载
ifconfig 显示或设置网络设备
service network restart 重启网卡
ifdown eth0 关闭网卡
ifup eth0 开启网卡
clear 清屏
history 历史记录 !55 执行第55个指令
stty 设置终端 stty -a
fdisk /mbr 删除GRUB
at 僅進行一次的工作排程
crontab 循環執行的例行性命令 [e]编辑,[l]显示,[r]删除任务
& 后台运行程序 tar -zxvf 123.tar.gz & --------->后台运行
jobs 观看后台暂停的程序 jobs -l
fg 将后台程序调到前台 fg n ------>n是数字,可以指定进行那个程序
bg 让工作在后台运行
kill 结束进程 kill -9 PID [9]强制结束,[15]正常结束,[l]列出可用的kill信号
ps aux 查看后台程序
top 查看后台程序 top -d 2 每两秒更新一次 top -d 2 -p10604 观看某个PID
top -b -n 2 > /tmp/top.txt ----->將 top 的資訊進行 2 次，然後將結果輸出到 /tmp/top.txt
pstree 以树状图显示程序 [A]以 ASCII 來連接, [u]列出PID, [p]列出帐号
killall 要刪除某個服務 killall -9 httpd
free 显示内存状态 free -m -------->以M为单位显示
uptime 显示目前系统开机时间
netstat 显示网络状态 netstat -tulnp------>找出目前系統上已在監聽的網路連線及其 PID
dmesg 显示开机信息 demsg | more
nice 设置优先权 nice -n -5 vi & ----->用 root 給一個 nice 植為 -5 ，用於執行 vi
renice 调整已存在优先权
runlevel 显示目前的runlevel
depmod 分析可载入模块的相依性
lsmod 显示已载入系统的模块
modinfo 显示kernel模块的信息
insmod 载入模块
modprobe 自动处理可载入模块
rmmod 删除模块
chkconfig 检查，设置系统的各种服务 chkconfig --list ----->列出各项服务状态
ntsysv 设置系统的各种服务
cpio 备份文件

压缩命令：
*.Z compress 程式壓縮的檔案；
*.bz2 bzip2 程式壓縮的檔案；
*.gz gzip 程式壓縮的檔案；
*.tar tar 程式打包的資料，並沒有壓縮過；
*.tar.gz tar 程式打包的檔案，其中並且經過 gzip 的壓縮
compress filename 压缩文件加[-d]解压 uncompress
gzip filename 压缩加[-d]解压 zcat 123.gz 查看压缩文件内容
bzip2 -z filename 压缩加[-d]解压 bzcat filename.bz2 查看压缩文件内容
tar -cvf /home/123.tar /etc 打包，不压缩
tar -xvf 123.tar 解开包
tar -zxvf /home/123.tar.gz 以gzip解压
tar -jxvf /home/123.tar.bz2 以bzip2解压
tar -ztvf /tmp/etc.tar.gz 查看tar内容
cpio -covB > [file|device] 份份
cpio -icduv < [file|device] 还原

linux学习笔记（1）linux目录结构

2007-05-03T15:02:00.000+08:00

/ 根目录
/bin 常用的命令 binary file 的目錄
/boot 存放系统启动时必须读取的档案，包括核心 (kernel) 在内
/boot/grub/menu.lst GRUB设置
/boot/vmlinuz 内核
/boot/initrd 核心解壓縮所需 RAM Disk
/dev 系统周边设备
/etc 系统相关设定文件
/etc/DIR_COLORS 设定颜色
/etc/HOSTNAME 设定用户的节点名
/etc/NETWORKING 只有YES标明网络存在
/etc/host.conf 文件说明用户的系统如何查询节点名
/etc/hosts 设定用户自已的IP与名字的对应表
/etc/hosts.allow 设置允许使用inetd的机器使用
/etc/hosts.deny 设置不允许使用inetd的机器使用
/etc/hosts.equiv 设置远端机不用密码
/etc/inetd.conf 设定系统网络守护进程inetd的配置
/etc/gateways 设定路由器
/etc/protocols 设定系统支持的协议
/etc/named.boot 设定本机为名字服务器的配置文件
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 设置IP
/etc/resolv.conf 设置DNS
/etc/X11 X Window的配置文件,xorg.conf 或 XF86Config 這兩個 X Server 的設定檔
/etc/fstab 记录开机要mount的文件系统
/etc/inittab 设定系统启动时init进程将把系统设置成什么样的runlevel
/etc/issue 记录用户登录前显示的信息
/etc/group 设定用户的组名与相关信息
/etc/passwd 帐号信息
/etc/shadow 密码信息
/etc/sudoers 可以sudo命令的配置文件
/etc/securetty 设定哪些终端可以让root登录
/etc/login.defs 所有用户登录时的缺省配置
/etc/exports 设定NFS系统用的
/etc/init.d/ 所有服務的預設啟動 script 都是放在這裡的，例如要啟動或者關閉
/etc/xinetd.d/ 這就是所謂的 super daemon 管理的各項服務的設定檔目錄
/etc/modprobe.conf 内核模块额外参数设定
/etc/syslog.conf 日志设置文件
/home 使用者家目录
/lib 系统会使用到的函数库
/lib/modules kernel 的相关模块
/var/lib/rpm rpm套件安装处
/lost+found 系統不正常產生錯誤時，會將一些遺失的片段放置於此目錄下
/mnt 外设的挂载点
/media 与/mnt类似
/opt 主机额外安装的软件
/proc 虚拟目录，是内存的映射
/proc/version 内核版本
/proc/sys/kernel 系统内核功能
/root 系统管理员的家目录
/sbin 系统管理员才能执行的指令
/srv 一些服務啟動之後，這些服務所需要取用的資料目錄
/tmp 一般使用者或者是正在執行的程序暫時放置檔案的地方
/usr 最大的目录，存许应用程序和文件
/usr/X11R6： X-Window目录
/usr/src： Linux源代码
/usr/include：系统头文件
/usr/openwin 存放SUN的OpenWin
/usr/man 在线使用手册
/usr/bin 使用者可執行的 binary file 的目錄
/usr/local/bin 使用者可執行的 binary file 的目錄
/usr/lib 系统会使用到的函数库
/usr/local/lib 系统会使用到的函数库
/usr/sbin 系统管理员才能执行的指令
/usr/local/sbin 系统管理员才能执行的指令
/var 日志文件
/var/log/secure 記錄登入系統存取資料的檔案，例如 pop3, ssh, telnet, ftp 等都會記錄在此檔案中
/var/log/wtmp 記錄登入者的訊息資料, last
/var/log/messages 幾乎系統發生的錯誤訊息
/var/log/boot.log 記錄開機或者是一些服務啟動的時候，所顯示的啟動或關閉訊息
/var/log/maillog 紀錄郵件存取或往來( sendmail 與 pop3 )的使用者記錄
/var/log/cron 記錄 crontab 這個例行性服務的內容
/var/log/httpd, /var/log/news, /var/log/mysqld.log, /var/log/samba, /var/log/procmail.log：
分別是幾個不同的網路服務的記錄檔

傻瓜式安装rpm及源码包安装管理器

2007-05-03T14:40:00.000+08:00

kde－apps下的，叫做kpack，解开后， ./configure make make install 装完后rpm文件可以直接双击打开安装，tgz包可以右键选打开方式，kpack，也可以安装。以后就不用慢慢打命令了。方便懒人和菜鸟。
下载地址:http://www.51files.com/?ONJHAKGOQ5MJDP1FK6L4

安装linux版超级玛丽

2007-05-03T11:15:00.000+08:00

sudo apt-get install supertux

SuperTux 是一款跨平台横版过关游戏，以GNU/Linux 的吉祥物企鹅Tux 为主角，游戏仿照超级马里奥(Super Mario) 的风格，画面相当精美，是一款不可多得的优秀游戏。

Ubuntu 7.04 Feisty Fawn on USB 隨身碟/硬碟

2007-05-03T11:09:00.001+08:00

原文
這兩個禮拜以來， Ubuntu 7.04 Feisty Fawn 造成蠻大的話題性，似乎有許多人認為 Linux 教學也可以帶來不少的流量，紛紛開始寫起 Ubuntu 的安裝教學（這是好事），然後自己把自己的網頁收到社會書籤去推銷一番（這就蠻ooxx的），不過的確是有不少不錯的文章，而比較熱門的話題大概就是將 Ubuntu 安裝到 USB 隨身碟或是隨身硬碟去（圖片與本文無關，純粹是因為我喜歡這張可愛的桌布）。

將 Ubuntu 安裝到隨身碟或是隨身硬碟當中其實有兩種考量：
1.這個作業系統要用來作啥？
2.要怎麼用？
這也取決了儲存設備要採用甚麼，如果是要「方便安裝」、「加速安裝」、「隨取隨用」、「緊急救援」的話，將 LiveCD 轉到 USB Flash Disk （也就是俗稱的「隨身碟」或「U 盤」）當中是最好不過的，但是這有個缺點，就是在這種情況下所有的 apt 更新、經過 apt 下載安裝的程式似乎都不起作用；如果是要一個隨處可以立即使用的個人工作環境，安裝到隨身硬碟則是較佳的選擇，並且可以更新、套用新程式、完整應用，但是這也有個缺點，就是龐大、透過 USB 運作相當遲緩、有設定 SWAP 的話速度更糟糕（尤其是在運轉中受到振動或是撞擊硬碟易掛），如果是使用 IEEE1394 介面、Firewire 介面的隨身硬碟則另當別論，至於兩者怎麼取捨則看個人，而我則是選擇將 Live CD 轉到硬碟當中（亂七八糟大綜合），就只當作救援、易於安裝、網咖取用的「活系統」來使用，不再使用 cd 或 cd-rw 也較為環保（先前燒的就送人當禮物了）。

如果要直接將完整的作業系統安裝進 USB 設備當中，可以參考這篇文章（不過這篇文章竟然是在有名大站，隨時有消失或網頁脫衣的可能性），其實過程就跟一般安裝沒兩樣，要注意的是將 grub 安裝進 usb 碟中的相對位置，而將 Ubuntu 的 Live CD 轉到 USB 硬碟當中花了我一點時間才摸懂，並且可以分成兩種情況來說明。

首先要先準備：
1. Ubuntu 7.04 Feisty Fawn 的 ISO 檔；
2.一顆 USB 隨身硬碟；
3.稍微懂得使用 GNOME Partition Editor（或 Partition Magic，兩者差不多）

如果已經有安裝 Ubuntu ，準備一份 iso 檔案會更方便（如果還沒安裝，就先燒一片出來），然後開機進入 Ubuntu 當中（或是開機進入 Live CD 中）等系統都 READY 了，接上隨身硬碟，系統會直接載入隨身硬碟的各磁區，接著直接將 USB 硬碟給 umount （XD）：

sudo umout /dev/sdb

如果電腦是用一顆 SATA 硬碟，隨身硬碟應該會被辨識為 /dev/sdb （如果有兩顆則變成 /dev/sdc，沒有 SATA 就是 /dev/sda ，依此類推），磁區則分別為 /dev/sdbX，如果不確定隨身硬碟是哪顆，開啟 GNOME Partition Editor 就可以看個分明，尚未安裝的可以在「應用程式＼添加和刪除」中勾選 GNOME Partition Editor 後套用即可安裝，（使用 Live CD 的則可以）直接在「系統＼管理」中找到後啟動。

現在一顆隨身硬碟大多應該是從 40GB 起跳，對於隨身硬碟的規劃主要還是以攜帶資料為主，所以利用 GNOME Partition Editor 我做了下面這種規劃：

38GB - Primary Partition - NTFS 格式 - /dev/sdb1
攜帶資料用
1GB - Primary Partition - FAT16 格式 - /dev/sdb2
放 Live CD 主要檔案使用（至少大於 700MB，別太小氣）
1GB - Primary Partition - ReiserFS 格式 - /dev/sdb3
使用 Live CD 所產生的檔案可以放在這邊（例如文件檔案），用這個格式是看文件說這個檔案格式比較不會有反覆讀寫的問題，可以增進些效率（如果是 USB 隨身碟也避免縮短使用壽命，FLASH 記憶體是有讀寫次數的壽命限制）。

當然也可以用 GNOME Partition Editor 切出三個主邏輯區，再用命令列來格式化會比較方便，至於用命令列的方式來切割硬碟，對於新手來說實在是太難了。要格式化時，第一個磁區就不管他了，拿到別台 Windows XP 再 Format 就好，只要格式化第二與第三個磁區即可，分別使用下列指令：

sudo mkfs.vfat -F 16 -n USB /dev/sdb2
sudo mkfs.reiserfs -l casper-rw /dev/sda3

如果是 /dev/sdc 請記得更換相關名稱。 USB 與 casper-rw 分別是給予兩個磁區的名稱，如果要另外取名，可在這個階段更換名稱（例如原本叫 USB 那區可以改叫做 rescue），但是底下步驟就得跟著更換名稱。

格式化完畢後，將隨身硬碟電源關閉，再重新打開，這時候 Ubuntu 就會重新將兩個磁區抓回來（mount），並且連結到 /media/USB 與 /media/casper-rw 底下，這時候就算是全部準備完畢了。

使用下列指令安裝 syslinux 與 mtools（功能就如同在 dos 底下使用 sys 讓磁區具有開機的功能）：

sudo apt-get install syslinux mtools

接著是讓叫做 USB 的那個磁區具有開機能力，使用下列指令：

syslinux -sf /dev/sdb2

接著要準備開始 COPY 系統相關檔案：
1.如果是在已經安裝好的 Ubuntu 底下並且有備用的 iso 檔案，就先將 iso 檔案給連上來（類似虛擬光碟機一樣），假設 iso 檔案已經放在家目錄當中，開啟一個終端機使用下列指令：

sudo mkdir /media/iso/
sudo modprobe loop
sudo mount -t iso9660 -o loop ubuntu-7.04-desktop-i386.iso /media/iso/
cd /media/iso

到 /media/iso/ 資料夾中準備進行下一步。
2.如果是在 Live CD 當中則開啟一個終端機後輸入：

cd /cdrom

直接進入 cdrom 當中，準備進行下一步。

於終端機當中輸入下列指令複製相關檔案：

cp -rf casper disctree dists install pics pool preseed .disk isolinux/* md5sum.txt README.diskdefines ubuntu.ico casper/vmlinuz casper/initrd.gz install/mt86plus /media/usb/

就能夠把開機所需的相關檔案複製到開機磁區當中了，當然，要 COPY 所有檔案也行。注意最後面的粗體，如果之前有更換掉磁區名稱，要換成更換後的名稱（例如 rescue）。

接著下載 usyslinux.tar 這個檔案，雙點這個檔案（會開啟「壓縮檔管理員」）將裡面 syslinux.cfg 這個檔案解壓縮到 /media/USB 資料夾當中，如果無法下載，就自己用純文字編輯器或 gedit 複製底下文字另存一個：

DEFAULT USB

GFXBOOT bootlogo

GFXBOOT-BACKGROUND 0xB6875A

APPEND  file=preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper initrd=initrd.gz ramdisk_size=1048576 root=/dev/ram rw quiet splash --

LABEL USB

 menu label ^Start Ubuntu in persistent mode

 kernel vmlinuz

 append  file=preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper persistent initrd=initrd.gz ramdisk_size=1048576 root=/dev/ram rw quiet splash --

LABEL live

 menu label ^Start or install Ubuntu

 kernel vmlinuz

 append  file=preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper initrd=initrd.gz ramdisk_size=1048576 root=/dev/ram rw quiet splash --

LABEL xforcevesa

 menu label Start Ubuntu in safe ^graphics mode

 kernel vmlinuz

 append  file=preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper xforcevesa initrd=initrd.gz ramdisk_size=1048576 root=/dev/ram rw quiet splash --

LABEL check

 menu label ^Check CD for defects

 kernel vmlinuz

 append  boot=casper integrity-check initrd=initrd.gz ramdisk_size=1048576 root=/dev/ram rw quiet splash --

LABEL memtest

 menu label ^Memory test

 kernel mt86plus

 append -

LABEL hd

 menu label ^Boot from first hard disk

 localboot 0x80

 append -

DISPLAY isolinux.txt

TIMEOUT 300

PROMPT 1

F1 f1.txt

F2 f2.txt

F3 f3.txt

F4 f4.txt

F5 f5.txt

F6 f6.txt

F7 f7.txt

F8 f8.txt

F9 f9.txt

F0 f10.txt

大功告成！

如果使用 Live CD 沒有問題的話，通常使用這個也應該沒有問題，在開機的時候按 del 進入 BIOS 當中將開機選項改為 USB-HDD 或 USB-ZIP 優先開機即可，比較新的主機板按 F8 或 F12 則會跳出開機設備選單，選擇 USB （甚至直接列出硬碟型號）即可，在進入系統之前，記得先選取語言，因為是 Live CD 版本，進入後再改也沒用，這就算是完工了。

如果有朋友想安裝 Ubuntu ，帶這顆硬碟去，直接從 USB 開機就可以進行硬碟切割與系統安裝，甚至執行一些系統修復或是搶救資料等等，尤其是系統安裝複製檔案的時候可說是飛快，而這還只是使用 cdrom 版本所作的隨身硬碟，如果是用 dvd 版本的 Ubuntu 7.04 Live CD 應該會更方便吧？

參考文件：
USB Ubuntu Edgy install tutorial for Linux Users
用USB隨身碟做一個ubuntu的LiveUSB

Install a Drop-Down Console in Ubuntu

2007-05-03T10:58:00.000+08:00

Install a Drop-Down Console in Ubuntu :: the How-To Geek: "Tilda is a console that drops down off the top of the screen, the same way the console in a first person shooter game does, with just the press of a key.

Installing the console is easy. Open up a terminal window and type in the following command:

sudo apt-get install tilda

The properties dialog will pop up, just close it for now. Hit the F1 key, and down pops the console:

So useful! I don’t think I’ll ever use the regular console again. If you want to get to the properties window to change some of the settings, just right click the window and choose preferences."

Beryl的快捷键

2007-05-03T10:51:00.000+08:00

全局选项：
Alt + 鼠标滚轮上/下使窗口透明/不透明

程序切换：
Alt + Tab：在当前工作台中切换窗口
Ctrl + Alt + Tab：在所有工作台中切换窗口

窗口排列（编排并显示所有窗口）：上/下
左下角（关键区域）：所有工作台（点击一个窗口缩放它到前台）
右上角（关键区域）：当前工作台

显示桌面（看当前立体面的桌面）：
右下角（关键区域）：开/关

立方体旋转：
Ctrl + Alt + 左/右方向键：立体地切换桌面
Ctrl + Shift + Alt + 左/右方向键：把活动窗口移到左/右工作台
Ctrl + Alt + 鼠标左键并拖曳：手动旋转立方体

缩放：
Win + 鼠标右键：缩放一次
Win + 鼠标滚轮上/下：手动缩放大/小

移动窗口：
Alt + 鼠标左键并拖曳：移动窗口
Ctrl + Shift + 鼠标左键：迅速移动窗口（会粘住边框）

调整窗口大小：
Alt + 鼠标中键

水波效果：
Ctrl + Win + 移动鼠标：关标在水上移动（默认无效）
Shift + F9：雨点降落在你的屏幕上

模糊效果：
在透明窗口下添加一些模糊（会使计算机变慢）

动画效果：
当创建或者关闭窗口时使用动画效果（对菜单也有效，不过你要选择“未知”，只选“菜单”没用）

反色效果：
Win + m：屏幕反色
Win + n：当前窗口反色

反射效果：
给装饰添加一些纹理（当透明时大多数可见）

屏幕截图：
Win + 鼠标左键并拖曳：将所选区域截图（图片保存在桌面）

焦点轨迹效果：
更旧的窗口更加透明

摆动效果：
使窗口丶菜单等像棉花糖

亮度和饱和度：
Ctrl + 鼠标滚轮上/下：增加/减少饱和度（对桌面也有效）
Shfit + 鼠标滚轮上/下：增加/减少亮度（对桌面也有效）

窗口对齐：
Win + 小键盘1...9：在屏幕中快速对齐一个窗口（1＝左下，2＝中下，3＝右下......）

Assign Custom Shortcut Keys on Ubuntu Linux

2007-05-03T10:42:00.000+08:00

Ubuntu includes a very limited shortcut key configuration utility which doesn’t allow you to assign hotkeys to your own applications or scripts. To get around this limitation, we can use the built-in gconf-editor utility to assign them ourselves.

First you’ll want to load up gconf-editor by typing it into the Alt+F2 Run dialog.

Once in the application, navigate to the following key. If you are familiar with regedit on Windows, this is very similar.

apps \ metacity \ keybinding_commands

You’ll notice a bunch of values on the right. These are the available commands that you can create for assigning to shortcut keys in the next step.

Double-click on command_1 and enter in the full path to your script or executable that you are trying to run. (Note that you can use the which command from the shell to find the path most of the time)

Now navigate to the key “global_keybindings”, which is directly above the one we were on.

Here you will want to select run_command_1. Enter in the shortcut key in plain text. For instance, for Alt+T, you’ll do T. You could use T or T, or whatever you want to assign to the key.

You can also create custom commands in the keybinding_commands and assign them in the global_keybindings if you want. Just remember that the keybindings will start with run_(name of command).

bloglines-notifier for gnome!

2007-04-30T10:08:00.000+08:00

在郭爽的blog的里看到这个实用的小东西,这里有下载地址。下载后直接运行解压包里的直接运行解压包里的 bloglines-notifier 即可。
如果无法运行，你可能需要新立得搜索并安装 libgtk2-gladexml-perl 和 libgladexml-perl。