come from linux.om, maybe useful later 'cause I really want to reinstall my ubuntu when the final exam comes to end.
2007年6月22日星期五
How to make OpenOffice run faster in Ubuntu
Some simple steps make Open Office snappier.
read more | digg story
2007年6月21日星期四
Make your gnome menus run faster
Some weeks ago, I have showed two small tips to tweak your Ubuntu Linux. The first one is to disable IPv6 and the second one is to reduce swapping. Today, I have another tip to make your gnome menus run faster.
1. Create a file named .gtkrc-2.0 in your home directory
cd
touch .gtkrc-2.0
echo "gtk-menu-popup-delay = 0"| tee -a .gtkrc-2.0
2. Logout and login again
I have tested with a value gtk-menu-popop-delay = 2000 before to try gtk-menu-popop-delay = 0 to see what is different in effect.
read more
Learn 10 good UNIX usage habits
Adopt 10 good habits that improve your UNIX command line efficiency and break away from bad usage patterns in the process. This article takes you step-by-step through several good, but too often neglected, techniques for command-line operations. Learn about common errors and how to overcome them.
read more | digg story
2007年6月16日星期六
How to install a DLL file in Windows XP?
This tutorial will walk you through the steps on how to install a DLL file in to Windows. This tutorial covers all Windows operating systems.
The first post about windows, I didn't mean to but the article is really useful 'cause I met the problem so many times when I use xp!
read more | digg story
Controlling your Linux system processes
All modern operating systems are able to run many programs at the same time. For example, a typical Linux server might include a Web server, an email server, and probably a database service. Each of these programs runs as a separate process. What do you do if one of your services stops working? Here are some handy command-line tools for managing processes.
Each process uses time on a system's CPU, as well as other system resources such as memory and disk space. If a program goes wrong, it can start to use too much CPU time or memory and so deny other programs the resources they need to run.
Knowing how to manage rogue processes is an essential part of Linux system management. To help, turn to command-line tools such as ps, top, service, kill, and killall.
ps
ps shows the current processes running on the machine. ps has many options, but one of the most useful invocations is ps aux, which shows every process on the system.
A normal Linux server may have 100 processes running after boot up, so the output from the ps command can be quite long. Here are the first few lines from my CentOS 5 test machine:
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.1 10308 668 ? S 15:03 0:00 init [5]
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 15:03 0:00 [migration/0]
root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? SN 15:03 0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 15:03 0:00 [watchdog/0]
root 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S
Here is a brief explanation of each of the columns:
USER is the name of the user that owns the processes.
Each process has a unique process ID (or PID for short).
%CPU shows the CPU utilization of the process. It is the CPU time used divided by the time the process has been running expressed as a percentage.
%MEM is the amount of the physical memory the process is using.
VSZ show the virtual memory size of the process in kilobytes.
RSS is similar to VSZ, but rather than virtual memory size, RSS shows how much non-swapped, physical memory the process is using in kilobytes.
TTY is the controlling terminal.
STAT is the status of the process, where S means the process is sleeping and can be woken at any time, N means the process has a low priority, and < means the process has a high priority. Other letters to watch for are l which means the process is multi-threaded and R which means the processes is running.
START shows when the process was started.
TIME is the accumulated CPU time. This includes time spent running the processes and time spent in the kernel on behalf of that process.
For a complete explanation see the ps man page.
Finding a specific process in such a long list can be a problem. To help, you can use the grep command to look for matches in the text. For example, to look for the sendmail process, use the command:
ps aux | grep sendmail
root 2401 0.0 0.4 66444 2064 ? Ss 15:04 0:00 sendmail: accepting connections
smmsp 2409 0.0 0.3 53040 1752 ? Ss 15:04 0:00 sendmail: Queue runner@01:00:00 for /var/spool/clientmqueue
gary 3807 0.0 0.1 60224 700 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 grep sendmail
When you run it, the grep command itself will be shown (in this case PID 3807) as it matches the string we are looking for, namely sendmail. But of course it isn't part of the sendmail service.
top
While ps shows only a snapshot of the system process, the top program provides a dynamic real-time view of a system. It displays a system summary (with CPU usage, memory usage, and other statistics) as well as a list of running processes that changes dynamically as the system is in use. It lists the processes using the most CPU first.
The first few lines of top look something like this:
top - 15:18:00 up 54 min, 0 users, load average: 0.00, 0.10, 0.11
Tasks: 115 total, 2 running, 113 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.7%us, 0.0%sy, 0.0%ni, 99.0%id, 0.3%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 467888k total, 458476k used, 9412k free, 15264k buffers
Swap: 3204884k total, 0k used, 3204884k free, 222108k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
554 root 15 0 229m 9940 4548 S 0.7 2.1 0:10.29 Xorg
1 root 15 0 10308 668 552 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.11 init
2 root RT 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0
3 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 ksoftirqd/0
The bottom part of the output is similar to the output from the ps command. In the top part, the Swap: line is useful for checking how much swap space is being used. For more information see the top man page.
service
The easiest way to start and stop services such as sendmail or the Apache Web server from the command line is to use the service command. Each service provide a script for easily starting and stopping the service.
To discover the status of a service, type service sendmail status. This should output something similar to:
sendmail (pid 4660 4652) is running...
If you want to shutdown a running sendmail, you can type service sendmail stop. To start it again, use service sendmail start. To stop and restart sendmail, use service sendmail restart.
If you can't stop a running or rogue service using the service command then you may need to resort to the kill and killall commands.
kill and killall
The kill command attempts to shut down a running process. In Linux, a process is stopped when the operating system sends it a signal telling it to shut down. The default signal for kill is TERM (signal 15), meaning software terminate. If it receives the signal, the process should shut down in an orderly way. If the process has become rogue, chances are that it won't respond to being told politely to shut down. In that case you have to send the KILL signal (signal 9 for short). So to kill off a running process (e.g. process 1234) we would use kill -9 1234.
The killall command kills running processes by name rather than by PID. This bring two immediate advantages. First, to kill a process we don't need to look for the PID using the ps command. Second, if there are multiple processes with the same name (as is the case with the Apache Web server) then all the processes will be killed in one fell swoop. As with kill, killall takes a signal parameter, and -9 is used to terminate the processes. So to kill off all the Apache processes you would use killall -9 httpd.
Restarting an unresponsive Web server
Let's look at an example of how to use these commands to solve a real-life problem. If you find that your Web server has stopped responding and needs to be restarted, first try the service command. The start/stop script for your Web server should be able to get it running again. For Apache on CentOS 5 we would type:
service httpd restart
If that fails, next try the killall command to eliminate the old instance of the Web server:
killall -9 httpd
Run ps to check that all the Apache services died:
ps aux | grep httpd
If there are any strays, kill them off individually with the kill command. Finally, restart the Web server with:
service httpd start
A friend of mine recently had problem with the fetchmail process. Fetchmail is a program that fetches mail from external mail servers and pulls them down onto the local server. One morning he discovered that his system was running slowly. A quick use of the top command revealed that the fetchmail process was using 99% of the system memory. He noted the fetchmail process's PID, then killed the process and restarted it using the service command. The memory was freed and the system sprang back to life.
Conclusion
You should monitor your system to ensure that none of your processes have gone haywire. One simple method is to permanently run a terminal window with the top command. A quick glance every so often will assure you that all is OK. If something does start to go bad, Linux provides useful tools to stop and restart processes. Only rarely will a full system reboot be needed.
read more | digg story
Supercharge your right-click menu with Nautilus Scripts
Linux only: Freeware "package" Nautilus Scripts is a compilation of handy scripts that supercharge your right-click menu in Nautilus.
With Nautilus Scripts you can convert audio files, convert and install packages, automatically convert CDs to .iso files, compile C/C++ programs for Linux/Windows, and much more. The installation is a snap -- just extract the contents of the download to $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/ and you'll be all set. Your expanded right-click menu will automatically be created.
Nautilus Scripts is a free download and requires Gnome and Nautilus. In order to use some of the advanced features of Nautilus Scripts you'll also want to install the following packages: mingw32, wine, alien, and build-essential.
read more | digg story
2007年6月15日星期五
Workaround for Feisty screensaver bug
When I watch videos in full screen, I usually stop using the mouse. When I do this, I find that the screen blanks after just about exactly 20 minutes.
xorg.conf has options for DPMS control on monitors. This appears to be the one that is causing us problems.
The following procedure is the workaround for this problem.Before doing any chnages you need to take backup of xorg.conf file
sudp cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.orig
Solution1
Edit /etc/X11/xorg.conf file using the following command
sudo vi /etc/X11/xorg.conf
and add the following lines
Section “ServerFlags”
#other options can go here
Option “BlankTime” “0″
Option “StandbyTime” “0″
Option “SuspendTime” “0″
Option “OffTime” “0″
EndSection
Save and exit the file
Solution 2
Edit /etc/X11/xorg.conf file using the following command
sudo vi /etc/X11/xorg.conf
This effectively disables power management on your monitor Settings
Section “Monitor”
#other options can go here
Option “DPMS” “false”
EndSection
read more | digg story
HOWTO: Installing And Working With eyeOS Under Linux (Ubuntu/Debian)
Great HOWTO explaining how to install the eyeOS 1.0 Web Operating System into a Linux system (It's for Debian, I tested it under Ubuntu). Just 4 steps and you can be working on eyeOS from any computer on the net. eyeOS is a web Operating System with a ports system like apt-get and 19 base applications to work on the browser, Open Source.
read more | digg story
2007年6月14日星期四
How To: Give Ubuntu a speed boost
The XLNTsolution weblog has a whole stash of system tweaks they recommend to speed up Ubuntu Feisty Fawn.Some of the tips include disabling IPv6, enabling parallel boot processes, reducing the load of the swap, and re-aliasing the localhost -- and that just scratches the surface. Some of the tweaks are pretty advanced!
read more | digg story
2007年6月13日星期三
Tune Boot-Up-Manger for better performance of Ubuntu
Ubuntu does not come with a graphical tool to disable services. The Boot-Up-Manager (BUM) is the most comprehensive and user-friendly tool for Ubuntu.
Follow these Steps to Install Boot-Up- Manager
-
Go to Applications > Add and Remove Applications
-
The Add/Remove Applications window is shown. Search for boot in the search text box. Check Boot-Up-Manager and click on OK to install.
-
Click on Apply in confirmation popup. Boot-Up-Manager is installed successfully.
Disable the services for better performance tunning
-
Go to System > Adminstration > BootUp-Manager
-
Boot-Up-Manager window is shown. Check Advanced check box, and select tab Startup and shutdown scripts
Disabling the below listed scripts doesn't disturb your PC
-
ntpdate: a utility that updates the system clock on each reboot.
-
pcmcia: used only with laptops if one has PCMCIA cards.
-
ppp: point-to-point protocol used only if you have a modem. Disabled the built-in modem in my desktop and only use a network interface card.
-
powernowd: Use an AMD processor with Ubuntu and this service does not work with AMD.
-
rsync: a utility that provides fast incremental file transfer if you wish to mirror or back up data.
-
fetchmail: a utility to retrieve and forward mail and act as a gateway to smtp. If you are a Linux groupware client, do not use this utility.
-
postfix: a mail transfer agent similar to sendmail. Use a mail server from my ISP and our company domain.
2007年6月11日星期一
How to disable tap-clicking with your touchpad in Linux in a easy way
Lots of people have a love/hate relationship with their touch pad on their laptops. It’s great for speeding around your screen and doing lots of cool things with nary a mouse in site. It’s horrible when you accidentaly double-click that Quake 3 icon while your boss is strolling into the room.
Here’s a quick and easy guide to disabling tap-clicking and scrolling on your touchpad. With this little hack you’ll still have a mouse replacement, but will avoid Quake 3 inspired embarrassment.
First, you’ll need to edit your xorg.conf file. This is the file that controls your display, and oddly all of your input devices as well like your keyboard, mouse and…. touchpad. Open up a CLI (Applications-> Accessories-> Terminal) and let’s get down to business.
gksu gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
Now you’ve got your xorg.conf file open in an editor, let’s add one line too it. Look for this section in your xorg.conf file:
Section “InputDevice”
Identifier “Synaptics Touchpad”
Driver “synaptics”
Option “SendCoreEvents” “true”
Option “Device” “/dev/psaux”
Option “Protocol” “auto-dev”
Option “HorizScrollDelta” “0″
EndSection
Yours may have all of this stuff or it may have very little of it. The key points you want to look for are the Section and EndSection bits. Everything has to go between these two, and what we’re going to add is not exception.
See the Options above? We’re going to add an option. So cut and paste the following in there just above the EndSection portion:
Option “TouchpadOff” 2
Now save your file and exit Gedit. The next time you restart your laptop (or restart your X session) you’re touchpad will be click-less.
But perhaps this way is so complicated and sometimes it doesn't work! Then you should try this way:
For KDE:
1. Open KDE Control Center
2. Select Peripherals > Touch Pad
3. Select “Tapping” tab and uncheck “Enable Tapping”
4. Click “Apply”
Done
For Gnome:
sudo apt-get install gsynaptics
And go to System > Preferences > Touchpad
Done
2007年6月5日星期二
Mount and Unmount ISO,MDF,NRG Images Using AcetoneISO (GUI Tool)
AcetoneISO is CD/DVD image manipulator for Linux.Using this tool it is very easy to Mount and Unmount ISO,MDF,NRG Images
2007年6月4日星期一
How to Fix Slow Fesity Boot For Laptops
Feisty has a terrible boot time on laptops compared to server (roughly 3x as long) even though it is a faster computer. You can speedup your boot time from over a minute to roughly 30 seconds by doing the following
read more | digg story
2007年5月31日星期四
Howto install Avant Window Navigator in Feisty!!
If you are running Ubuntu Feisty Fawn 7.04, you can install AWN and Affinity from an Ubuntu repository.
First, edit your apt sources:
- gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
- ## Avant Window Navigator
- deb http://download.tuxfamily.org/syzygy42/ feisty avant-window-navigator
- deb-src http://download.tuxfamily.org/syzygy42/ feisty avant-window-navigator
Then do this in a terminal:
- wget http://download.tuxfamily.org/syzygy42/8434D43A.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -
- sudo apt-get update
- sudo apt-get upgrade
Now to install the stable AWN version do
NOTICE: No stable AWN at this time. It will be added at the next release
Or for AWN SVN do
- sudo apt-get install avant-window-navigator-svn
The Affinity in this repo requires Tracker to work properly.
For the stable Affinity version do
- sudo apt-get install affinity
Or for Affinity SVN do
- sudo apt-get install affinity-svn
HOWTO: Cleaning up all those unnecessary junk files in ubuntu!
this article shows you how to get ri of those unwanted files taking up space in your Ubuntu folders.
read more | digg story
knowhow Adobe and del.icio.us work together?
Adobe Illustrator is one of my favorite design tools, and as part of the redesign of del.icio.us I’ve been using it in a number of interesting ways. For example, I’ve written JavaScript code to pull in and parse del.icio.us RSS feeds then automatically render my latest designs in Illustrator using real data. This allows us to rapidly iterate on the
read more | digg story
mapping to be
If you want to completely swap caps lock and escape, you have to replace the
"Lock" on caps lock. Drop this file in your home directory(don't copy the start&end lines!!):
-----------start------------
! Swap caps lock and escape
remove Lock = Caps_Lock
keysym Escape = Caps_Lock
keysym Caps_Lock = Escape
add Lock = Caps_Lock
------------end-------------
and call it ".speedswapper". Then open a terminal and type
$ xmodmap .speedswapper
and you'll be twice as efficient in vim.
Who needs caps lock anyway?
2007年5月27日星期日
Make your firefox more beautiful in ubuntu!
One thing that has always bothered me about Ubuntu's firefox is that the buttons, radio buttons, drop down menus, text fields, and checkboxes (known as widgets) are very cruddy looking. Fortunately I found a simple way to fix this. What we have below is a replacement set of images and CSS code for the widgets which will make them much nicer on the eyes (see bottom of the post for screenshots).
The original widgets are done by Osmo Salomaa
By default this script works with the default firefox directory: /usr/lib/firefox. To work with a different directory (such as /usr/local/firefox32 if you are using Kilz's firefox32 package) you can specify a new installation/removal (option 3). Make sure you enter the correct path to your firefox directory. You can also change the installation/removal directory with the "-p=" or "--path=" command line options when you initiate the script (run ./install --help or read the README for more information).
Once you have the correct path (or you are just using the default /usr/lib/firefox path), you can install by using option 1 in the main menu. To run the installer immediately and bypass the menu use the "-i" or "--install" command line options when executing the script. Use the "-h" or "--help" command line options to get more information (./install -h).
To remove the widgets (make sure you have the correct path first just like with installing), just select option 2 from the main menu. If you wish to bypass the menu and go straight to removal, envoke the "-r" or "--remove" option.
You can also use the "-p=" option in conjunction with the "-r" or "-i" command line options if you like.
Example) ./install --path=/usr/local/Iceweasel32 -i
This would install the widgets to the /usr/local/Iceweasel32 directory.
I should also mention, I have included a backup forms.css file incase you mess anything up. This file is from a default 64-bit Firefox 2.0 installation. The forms.css file an be found in Firefox's "res" directory. You won't need my backup unless you accidently delete your's or the script malfunctions (in which case please contact me).
Read the README for more information. Screenshots are below, enjoy!
Buttons
Check Boxes
Radio Buttons
Drop Down Menus
Text Fields
Before
After
Download script:http://www.mediafire.com/?8xs20zmmrhv
Read more
2007年5月26日星期六
Installing .sh files in Ubuntu 7.04
Sometimes when you need to install a software on Ubuntu, the installation package only comes in .sh files instead of standard .deb package for Debian. Well the .sh itself has to be executable, however when you got it from internet repository its attribute is set to non-executable. To change this file attribute you need to either Right Click the .sh file from your file explorer, select file property -> file permission and make it is executable.
You can also change it via the command line console in your Ubuntu.
Open a Terminal Window. If you downloaded the file to your Ubuntu desktop you probably need to
cd /home/userid/Desktop
ls to see if the file exists.
chmod 777 /path/some_linux_installation.sh
After you changed the file attribute, you can execute those file directly via terminal window or click it when you use file manager. Your installation file should startup.
Add screen actions with Brightside
Linux only: Open-source app Brightside adds reactivity to the corners and edges of your screen (in Gnome) so you can execute commands using only the mouse.
Brightside offers a combination of the functionality of Mac OS X apps, VirtueDesktops and Active Screen Corners. Almost exactly the way Active Screen Corners allows you to attach custom commands to your mouse gestures in Mac OS X, Brightside brings this awesome feature to Linux.
Softpedia does an excellent job detailing Brightside's functionality:
Brightside provides 'edge flipping' to allow you to switch to the adjacent workspace simply by pressing your mouse against the edge of the screen. Brightside also allows you to assign configurable actions to occur while you rest the mouse in a corner of the screen.
Ubuntu users can download Brightside out of the repositories with the following command:
sudo apt-get install brightside
Debian users can grab a Debian version, and all other distros can head to Softpedia to get a generic version of Brightside (a free download).
Use best dictionaries in Ubuntu
There is a wonderful collection of dictionaries for many languages in this web site
Unfortunately, SDictionary Linux client is ugly and inconvenient.
There is another dictionary system - StarDict - which has a good-looking GTK2 client. It is included in Feisty repositories.
Unfortunately, the dictionaries for StarDict are not as good.
Let’s combine both worlds! I am going to convert SDictionary dictionaries to StarDict format and use them in StarDict
./configure
sudo make all install
You will need build tools for compiling. Install them
sudo aptitude install build-essential libxml2-dev
dictconv -o EnSp.ifo EnSp.dct
Here is successful operation
EnSp.dz
EnSp.ifo
EnSp.idx
Put them into a folder and copy that folder into the folder /usr/share/stardict/dic so that the dictionary appears in StarDict
sudo cp FOLDER-WITH-FILES /usr/share/stardict/dic
You can convert and use Babylon dictionaries, too!
Working with Word 2007 Documents(.docx) in Ubuntu
Microsoft Office 2007 uses a new file format, called Office OpenXML, as the default file format. It is based on XML and uses the ZIP file container.So Word 2007 documents are incompatible with OpenOffice.Here's how to make it compatible.
1.Download the OpenXML Translator
From: http://download.novell.com/SummaryFree.jsp?buildid=ESrjfdE4U58~
filename: odf-converter-1.0.0-5.i586.rpm
2. Use alien to convert it to a Slackware tgz file
Code:fakeroot alien -ct odf-converter-1.0.0-5.i586.rpm
If fakeroot and alien is not installed then install it
Code:sudo apt-get install alien fakeroot
3. Unpack the slackware tgz file
Code:tar xzf odf-converter-1.0.0.tgz
4. Copy three files into your OpenOffice.org directories -- note that the usr that you're copying from is a directory that was inside the tgz file.
Code:
sudo cp usr/lib/ooo-2.0/program/OdfConverter /usr/lib/openoffice/program/
sudo cp usr/lib/ooo-2.0/share/registry/modules/org/openoffice/TypeDetection/Filter/MOOXFilter_cpp.xcu /usr/lib/openoffice/share/registry/modules/org/openoffice/TypeDetection/Filter/
sudo cp usr/lib/ooo-2.0/share/registry/modules/org/openoffice/TypeDetection/Types/MOOXTypeDetection.xcu /usr/lib/openoffice/share/registry/modules/org/openoffice/TypeDetection/Types/
5. Restart OpenOffice and you can now save and open Word 2007 docx files.
来源
2007年5月25日星期五
How to speed up Mozilla Firefox on Ubuntu
Simple tips and tricks to speedup Mozilla Firefox on Ubuntu
read more | digg story
Fix for Beryl Worspaces Problem in Feisty Fawn!
来源
Problem
The workspace options dissapeared when right clicking on a window using the beryl manager.
First you need to Add Beryl Edgy Repos
Add the following at the bottom
## Beryl Edgy Repo
deb http://ubuntu.beryl-project.org/ edgy main
Then reload your update manager.
Now you need to downgrade the following packages
Go to the packet manager System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
Click on search and enter “libwnck”, click ok, then you should see several files returned.
How to speed up CD/DVD-ROM in Ubuntu!
Do you want to make sure you are getting the best speed possible from you CD/DVD-ROM?
Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
First open a terminal window and type:
sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/cdrom
sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf
Append the following lines at the end of file
/dev/cdrom {
dma = on
}
Save the edited file
DoneInstall Pidgin 2.0.0 Plugin Pack on Ubuntu Feisty
This plugin pack contains the following plugins
Plugins in the Plugin Pack
1. Album
2. Auto Accept
3. Auto-rejoin
4. Auto Reply
5. awaynotify
6. Bash.org
7. Buddy Icon Tools
8. Buddy List Options
9. Buddy Note
10. buddytime
11. chronic
12. convcolors
13. Dice
14. DiffTopic
15. Magic 8 Ball
16. Flip
17. gRIM
18. Group Message
19. Hide Conversation
20. IRC Helper
21. Irssi Features
22. Last Seen
23. List Handler
24. Marker Line
25. My Status Box
26. napster
27. New Line
28. Nick Said
29. Offline Message
30. Old Logger
31. Plonkers
32. Schedule
33. Separate and Tab
34. Show Offline
35. Sim Fix
36. Slash Exec
37. SSL Info
38. Stocker
39. Switch Spell
40. Talk Filters
41. XMMS Remote
42. XChat-Chats
You can download Pidgin 2.0.0 Plugin Pack from here or here
wget http://www.kalpiknigam.com/blog/uploads/purple-plugin-pack_1.0-1_i386.deb
Install Pidgin 2.0.0 Plugin Pack Using the following command
sudo dpkg -i purple-plugin-pack_1.0-1_i386.deb
This will install all the plugins menctioned above.
2007年5月19日星期六
Howto Set Windows as Default OS when Dual Booting Ubuntu
When you install Windows and ubuntu as dual boot you’ll notice that Ubuntu is set as the default operating system in the Grub loader if you want to change your default booting OS to windows you need to follow this procedure
You need to edit /boot/grub/menu.lst file
sudo vi /boot/grub/menu.lst
Look for the following option
default 0
to
default 4
Save and exit the file and reboot your system.
You will need to change that number 0 to match the Windows boot section.In most cases 4 is a default dual-boot configuration and in one my friend’s laptop this value is 5 so you need to check this and enter the value.The blocks at the bottom of the file match the items in the menu and the numbering starts at 0.
If you want a graphical operating, well, maybe there is another easier way. Use startup-manager,after install it(sudo apt-get install startupmanager) and run it, below the “Boot options”,you can make a choice with “Default operating system”,choose "windows xp", and all done!!
Tuning Kernel Parameters
Many of the tunable performance items can be configured directly by the kernel. The command sysctl is used to view current kernel settings and adjust them. For example, to display all available parameters (in a sorted list), use: Note: There are a few tunable parameters that can only be accessed by root. Without sudo, you can still view most of the kernel parameters. Each of the kernel parameters are in a field = value format. For example, the parameter kernel.threads-max = 16379 sets the maximum number of concurrent processes to 16,379. This is smaller than the maximum number of unique PIDs (65,536). Lowering the number of PIDs can improve performance on systems with slow CPUs or little RAM since it reduces the number of simultaneous tasks. On high-performance computers with dual processors, this value can be large. As an example, my 350 MHz iMac is set to 2,048, my dual-processor 200 MHz PC is set to 1024, and my 2.8 GHz dual processor PC is set to 16,379. Tip: The kernel configures the default number of threads based on the available resources. Installing the same Ubuntu version on different hardware may set a different value. If you need an identical system (for testing, critical deployment, or sensitive compatibility), be sure to explicitly set this value. There are two ways to adjust the kernel parameters. First, you can do it on the command line. For example, sudo sysctl -w kernel.threads-max=16000. This change takes effect immediately but is not permanent; if you reboot, this change will be lost. The other way to make a kernel change is to add the parameter to the /etc/sysctl.conf file. Adding the line kernel.threads-max=16000 will make the change take effect on the next reboot. Usually when tuning, you first use sysctl –w. If you like the change, then you can add it to /etc/sysctl.conf. Using sysctl –w first allows you to test modifications. In the event that everything breaks, you can always reboot to recover before committing the changes to /etc/sysctl.confsudo sysctl -a | sort | more
2007年5月18日星期五
Optimize Ubuntu Feisty Fawn for Speed - Tips for a faster Ubuntu machine!
来源
If you use Ubuntu (Feisty Fawn) as your Linux distribution, which everyone knows it's a pretty fast Linux operating system, you can also do some tricks in order to get a boost. I will teach you today some quick hacks on how to improve the overall performance of your system.
WARNING: Please follow the instructions below very carefully, in the order in which they are listed below and reboot your machine after each one. If not, your operating system will NOT work anymore.
1. Boot tweaking
It is a very good idea to do this tweak when you first install Ubuntu, but you can also do it anytime after the installation. This will reorganize some files that are read when the computer boots and it makes the boot process a little faster. All you have to do is hit the ESC button to see the GRUB menu when the computer starts, then select the second line (the one that looks like this: /vmlinuz-2.6.20-15-generic root=UUID=6162302f-3f32-4b73-bb56-c42f4f9fbce2 ro quiet splash) and hit the "e" key to edit that line. Add the word profile at the end of this line (don't forget to put a space before you type profile). Hit enter when you're done and then push the "b" key on your keyboard in order to boot the system.
It will take a little longer to boot, but only this one time, because after this process it will boot faster.
2. Filesystem tweaks
The following tweaks are for EXT3 and ReiserFS filesystems
Open a console and type:CODE
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
Add the following options marked in bold to the root (/) mount line. In other words, it should change from this:
# /dev/sdb2
UUID=f4d4d73d-4141-4701-a7e2-ec41664483a7 / ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro 0 1
into this:
# /dev/sdb2
UUID=f4d4d73d-4141-4701-a7e2-ec41664483a7 / ext3 defaults,errors=remount-ro,noatime,data=writeback 0 1
Now type the following command in the console:CODE
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
And add this option:
rootflags=data=writeback
to the end of the following lines:
# defoptions=quiet splash rootflags=data=writeback
# altoptions=(recovery mode) single rootflags=data=writeback
Now save and close, and type the following command in the console:CODE
sudo update-grub
Type now the following command in order to manually change your filesystem "on-the-fly" into writeback.
NOTE: Please note that /dev/sdb2 is my root (/) partition. If you have the root (/) partition in another place, change it accordingly. Please look in /etc/fstab for this!
WARNING: The next trick is only for EXT3 filesystems! For ReiserFS this will NOT work, so don't run the following command, just reboot your system for the changes to apply.CODE
sudo tune2fs -o journal_data_writeback /dev/sdb2
That's all, now reboot your system and when you get back, you should feel an increased speed in video, image or audio usage.
3. Tuning Swappiness
If you have been running Linux systems for some time and you have used applications like 'top' to see what's going on in your machine, then you've probably wondered: Where has all my memory gone? You should know that the largest place is being used in the disk cache, as the cached memory is free and it can be replaced anytime if a newly started application needs that memory. Linux systems are made like this to use so much memory for disk cache because the RAM is wasted if is not used and if something needs the same data again, then there is a very good chance to be in the cache memory.
In a console type the following code:CODE
sudo gedit /etc/sysctl.conf
Now add the following line at the end of this file:CODE
vm.swappiness=0
The number at the end of this line can be between 0 and 100. At 100 the Linux kernel will prefer to find inactive pages and swap them out, while value 0 gives something close to the old behavior where applications that wanted memory could shrink the cache to a tiny fraction of RAM.
4. Concurrent booting
If you have a dual-core processor or one that supports hyperthreading then concurrent booting allows Ubuntu to take advantage of them. Just open a console and type the following code:CODE
sudo gedit /etc/init.d/rc
and find the line CONCURRENCY=none and change it to:CODE
CONCURRENCY=shell
Save and reboot your computer.
5. IPv6 tweaking
In Linux, most of the installed software uses the IPv4 Internet protocol in order to connect to the internet and because the IPv6 protocol is enabled by default in Ubuntu, you must create a file to block this protocol. Type the following code in a console:CODE
sudo gedit /etc/modprobe.d/bad_list
and add the next line in that file:CODE
alias net-pf-10 off
Remember to hit enter after you've added the above line, save and exit.
That will be all for now, please report if you see any improvements to your system. If anyone has more improvements, you can post them here anytime, so others will know about them!
Transfer Files with Bluetooth on Ubuntu Transfer Files with Bluetooth on Ubuntu - Activate Bluetooth file transfers on Ubuntu
Today I'll give you a quick example of how to transfer files via Bluetooth from/to your mobile phone. For this guide, I've used the Canyon Bluetooth CN-BTU2 USB 2.0 Adapter (picture in the left) and a Motorola v360 Bluetooth capable mobile phone.
Enable Bluetooth
In Ubuntu Edgy, Bluetooth support is enabled and started by default, so if you'll buy a Bluetooth adapter and plug it into the USB port, you may see a pop-up that let's you know that a Bluetooth device was found. However, if you don't have Bluetooth support in your Ubuntu Edgy, you can enable it as follows:
CODE
sudo apt-get install gnome-bluetooth bluez-utils
CODE
sudo /etc/init.d/bluetooth start stop restart
After this, you can control and communicate with Bluetooth devices if you enable the GNOME Bluetooth software, which you can find under Applications -> Accessories -> Bluetooth File Sharing
You can search for Bluetooth devices from the command-line as follows:
CODE
hcitool inq
The result of the inquiring was...
CODE
~$ hcitool inq
Inquiring ...
00:17:00:98:39:E2 clock offset: 0x75a5 class: 0x522204
This is my Motorola v360 phone.
Transfer files via Bluetooth
From Mobile to PC
If you want to send files from your mobile phone to PC, then this is a very easy task, just select the file you want to transfer and according to your mobile device options, you can select to send the file to a Bluetooth device. It will ask you then which device to send to (mine was found as marius-desktop-0) and send the file. Simple as that!
From PC to the Mobile device
Now, if you want to send files from your PC to the mobile phone, you can use a lot of applications to do that.
Example 1:
1. Create a launcher on your desktop.
2. In the Command field, put the following line:
CODE
gnome-obex-send %s
3. Drag and drop files to the icon you've just created.
A window will appear asking you to select the device you want to transfer files to.
NOTE: Remember to turn on your Bluetooth on the mobile phone before you start the file transfers.
Example 2:
1. Right click on the file you wanna send to the mobile device, and go to "Send to..."
2. A window appears asking you were you want the file to be sent. From the drop down list, select Bluetooth (OBEX) and it will start searching for your phone's Bluetooth. When it's found, send the file.
 |
The Kubuntu way
In Kubuntu, you have more options by accessing the mobile device if you type in Konqueror:
CODE
bluetooth:/
You will have Bluetooth services like:
- OBEX file transfer
- OBEX Object Push
- Dial-up networking Gateway
- Hands-Free voice gateway
- Image Push
- Voice Gateway
See examples of usage, below:
 |
 |  |
 |
2007年5月16日星期三
howto install rpm in Ubuntu!
ubuntu是基于debian的linux
因此使用了debian的deb软件管理模式
所以是不能直接使用rpm的
如果需要使用rpm 那么你需要执行以下命令：
| 代码: |
| sudo apt-get install alien |
在安装好之后，你需要把下载好的rpm进行转换
| 代码: |
| sudo alien XXXX.rpm |
然后安装转换好的deb包
| 代码: |
| sudo dpkg -i xxxxx.deb |
最后说明一点 转换不一定成功 最好是找该软件的deb版下载
New Programs and Themes in Ubuntu
Wondering where you can find more programs and desktop themes for your Ubuntu system?
Where to look for new programs
install ubuntu-studio themes!
1.编辑 /etc/apt/sources.list 加入下面一行:
deb http://archive.ubuntustudio.org/ubuntustudio feisty main
2. 搞到密钥：
$ wget http://archive.ubuntustudio.org/ubuntustudio.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -
3. 升级
$ sudo apt-get update
4. 如果想gdm theme, wallpapers, icon theme, session splashes 和gtk theme 全部安装就用这条命令：
$ sudo apt-get install ubuntustudio-look
当然你也可以挑其中你感兴趣的，比如我不装gdm theme 和 session splashes 那就用这条命令:
$ sudo apt-get install ubuntustudio-theme ubuntustudio-icon-theme ubuntustudio-wallpapers
2007年5月15日星期二
星际译王的小技巧！
$sdcv tired
发现 2 条记录和 tired 相似。
-->朗道英汉字典5.0
-->tired
*[taiәd]
a. 疲累的, 疲乏的, 厌倦的
相关词组:
feel tired out
-->XDICT英汉辞典
-->tired
[ˊtaiәd]
a. 疲劳的,累的;厌倦的,厌烦的Set Gmail as Default Mail Client in Ubuntu
Every Geek uses Gmail… it’s pretty much required. And now you can set Gmail as the default client in Ubuntu without any extra software. (Windows requires the Gmail notifier be installed)
Just go to System \ Preferences \ Preferred Applications
Under Mail Reader, select Custom, and then put this into the Command window, changing "geek" to your username.
/home/geek/open_mailto.sh
Next, you’ll need to save this shell script into your user directory ( /home/username ). [Download]
For the curious, here’s the contents of the script:
#!/bin/sh
firefox https://mail.google.com/mail?view=cm&tf=0&to=`echo $1 | sed ’s/mailto://’`
If you’d like to make the script open a new tab in an existing Firefox window, you can replace the firefox line in the script with the following:
firefox -remote "openurl(https://mail.google.com/mail?view=cm&tf=0&to=`echo $1 | sed ’s/mailto://’`,new-tab)"
Update: If you want to make the script file hidden by default, you can rename it with a . at the beginning of the file like this: .open_mailto.sh. You’ll have to change the path in the preferences, of course.
Open a terminal and type in the following command, to make the script executable:
chmod u+x ~/open_mailto.sh
Now it should be working.
To test it out… I clicked the contact link on my page… and it immediately opened in Gmail.
Note that if you aren’t logged into Gmail you’ll be prompted to login to gmail… and you’ll have to click the email link again. Seems like Gmail’s login redirector won’t open the send mail page. But then again… why aren’t you logged into Gmail?
Update: Changed to point to a script so that the mailto: tag would be removed. Thanks VERY much to Mr Linux for not just noticing, but giving me the working script.
2007年5月13日星期日
howto apt!
命令 作用
apt-cache search package 搜索包
apt-cache show package 获取包的相关信息，如说明、大小、版本等
sudo apt-get install package 安装包
sudo apt-get install package - - reinstall 重新安装包
sudo apt-get -f install 强制安装?#"-f = --fix-missing"当是修复安装吧...
sudo apt-get remove package 删除包
sudo apt-get remove package - - purge 删除包，包括删除配置文件等
sudo apt-get update 更新源
sudo apt-get upgrade 更新已安装的包
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade 升级系统
sudo apt-get dselect-upgrade 使用 dselect 升级
apt-cache depends package 了解使用依赖
apt-cache rdepends package 了解某个具体的依赖?#当是查看该包被哪些包依赖吧...
sudo apt-get build-dep package 安装相关的编译环境
apt-get source package 下载该包的源代码
sudo apt-get clean && sudo apt-get autoclean 清理下载文件的存档 && 只清理无用的包
sudo apt-get check 检查是否有损坏的依赖
4 ubuntu tips for newcomes
1.改变默认设置
Ubuntu所带来的一些默认设置或许是也或许不是你所期望的。比如，默认的编辑器是Nano，如果你习惯了实用Vim它就不是最佳的设置。
改变这些设置的简单办法便是使用 update-alternatives 程序，它维护着在 /etc/alternatives 目录下包括例如FTP、系统编辑器、rsh、Telnet、窗口管理器等的符号链接。观察一下 /etc/alternatives 目录便可知道有哪些程序被管理着。
要改变默认的编辑器，运行
$sudo update-alternatives --config editor
你将会看到象下面这样的这个对话设置：
There are 3 alternatives which provide `editor'.
Selection Alternative
--------------------------------------
1 /usr/bin/vim
2 /bin/ed
*+ 3 /bin/nano
Press enter to keep the default[*], or type selection number:
只要输入 1 就可以换装默认编辑器为Vim。注意在我的系统上，我没有安装Emacs或其他的编辑器；如果我安装了，这个工具也会提供其他编辑器作为选择。
只要输入 1 就可以换装默认编辑器为Vim。注意在我的系统上，我没有安装Emacs或其他的编辑器；如果我安装了，这个工具也会提供其他编辑器作为选择。
2.Sudo 和 gksudo
如果你曾经使用过一段时间的Linux，当你需要安装软件包时你可能直接的使用root来运行程序，更改你的系统配置等等。然而，Ubuntu采用了一种 不同的方式。Ubuntu安装程序没有设定一个root用户──root用户帐号仍然存在，但是它被设置了一个随机的密码。用户可以通过使用 sudo 和 gksudo 来完成管理任务。
你大概已经知道如何使用sudo──只需要运行
$sudo commandname
但是要作为root（或是其他用户）来运行一个图形界面的应用程序呢？简单──使用 gksudo 来代替 sudo。举个例子，如果你想以root身份运行Ethereal，只需要打开一个对话框(Alt-F2)并使用 gksudo ethereal 。
随便说一下，如果你真的必须以root身份工作，你可以使用
$sudo su -
这将让你以root身份登陆。如果你确实想拥有root密码，这样以便你用来直接使用root帐户（如比，不需要使用sudo），在你以root身份登陆 后运行 passwd ，并设置一个你认为合适的密码。我建议使用 pwgen 软件包来创建对于所有用户而不仅仅是root用户的安全密码。
3.如何配置 X.org
多数情况下，X.org──用来驱动你的显卡并提供图形界面基础，不管你是运行GNOME,KDE,Xfce或者其他窗口管理器──当你安装Ubuntu时也会运行，实际上，我敢打赌，很多Ubuntu用户从未关心过他们的显示环境。
但是，某些时候你需要重新配置X.org因为当Ubuntu不能发现你的显卡和显示器的时候，或者你正好购买了一张新的显卡并决定让它在 Ubuntu上运行。不管什么原因，弄清楚如何通过编辑 /etc/X11/xorg.conf 的手工方式在重新配置X环境总是有好处的。
要运行配置，在字符界面或者终端窗口中里使用
$dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg
接下来你将会对你的显示器和显卡，分辨率以及颜色质量等作出你希望的选择。
接着的每个设置都是不同的，在此想要给出完美配置X的建议是非常困难的，但是接受默认的设置通常都会让X正常工作。还有你需要作出配置显示器高、中、简单 三个等级的配置方式。作为一个标准，选择简单这可能是最容易的配置方式方式，否则除非你真的知道你在做什么，或者简单模式并不能让你的显示环境正常工作。
最后，不要使用 make install 当你从源代码编译完成之后──使用 CheckInstall 来代替。CheckInstall 将会创建一个Debian软件包并为你安装它，因为之后你能更容易的升级或是软出这个软件。
可以通过$apt-get install checkinstall来安装CheckInstall。在你运行 ./configure ; make 之后，只需要运行 sudo checkinstall 并且回答一些简单的问题。注意如果你在AMD64上编译软件包，CheckInstall将会选择X86_64结构而不是AMD64──这将引起软件包的 安装失败，since Ubuntu expects amd64 as the architecture rather than X86_64.
2007年5月12日星期六
如何保护笔记本的硬盘和电池
硬盘的重要性不言而喻，正确的使用与维护不但可以延长硬盘的使用寿命，更能免除因数据丢失带来的烦恼和损失。
- 避免震动
震动是硬盘的一大死敌，强烈的震动会造成读写异常甚至是盘片或磁头的物理损伤。用户要尽量避免在颠簸较大的汽车、轮船上 使用笔记本；在硬盘长时间读写数据时最好把笔记本放在平稳桌面上；打字时注意不要重力敲击；避免挤压硬盘所在区域，如单手拿起笔记本，在笔记本上放置重物 等。当然，笔记本的优势之一就是移动办公，一些震动不可避免。所以可以在购买时留意一下带防震功能的硬盘或配备一个防震减震垫等。
- 避免高温和其它恶劣环境
避免长时间（超过12小时）连续使用笔记本；避免放在被子、腿上使用笔记本，以免堵住通风道。潮湿、强磁场、阳光直射的环境下使用笔记本对硬盘的影响非常大。用户要尽量避免在浴室、音箱低音炮旁边等环境下使用笔记本，如果无法避免，也只能短时间内使用。
- 避免频繁读写数据
不要长时间连续使用笔记本BT下载，不要用笔记本做资源服务器；使用Windows XP操作系统的用户，强烈建议添加至512MB内存或者更大以减少读写硬盘的机率。使用Windows Vista操作系统的用户，强烈建议添加至1GB内存或者更大以减少读写硬盘的机率。
- 定期整理文件
系统在使用了一段时间后，硬盘就会产生较多的文件碎片，影响数据存取速度从而加速硬盘老化。用户最好能每一两个月就进行一次磁盘整理，半年左右重装一次系统，但也不要太频繁，这对提高系统速度十分有效。
笔记本电池使用时间长了，就常常充不满，甚至显示损坏，因此必须在使用时注意一些小技巧：不管你的笔记本使用锂电还是镍氢电，尽可能要将电量基本用尽后再充（电量低于5％），这是避免记忆效应的最好方法。充电时，尽量避免时间过长，一般控制在12小时以内。
使用AC外接电源时最好将电池拔掉，否则电池长时间处于发热状态对其寿命有影响。电池若长期不用，请至少二个月冲放电一 次，以保证它的活性。在保管电池时也有一个需要注意的问题。为了防止过度放电，可以在半充电状态下将锂离子保存在凉爽干燥处，然后每半年一次，再将其电量 充至一半的状态。
电池在使用了一段时间之后就会衰老，具体表现是内阻变大，在充电的时候两端电压上升得比较快，这样就容易被充电控制线路 判定为已经充满了，容量也自然是下降了。电池校正是对付衰老电池的有效方法，少数笔记本会有专用的电池校正软件。如果你的笔记本没有专用的放电软件，那么 可以按照下面的步骤进行：
- 将屏幕保护禁用；
- 在Windows电源管理中将电源使用方案设置为"一直开着"；
- 在警报选项卡中将"电量不足警报"设置为10%，操作设置为"无操作"；
- 将"电量严重短缺警报"设置为3%，操作为"等待"；
- 把屏幕亮度调到最高；
- 确认关闭了所有的窗口，并且保存了所有之前工作的数据；
- 确认电池充电在80%以上后，拔掉电源和一切外接设备。
放电结束后笔记本会自动关机，之后将电源插上让笔记本充电，反复2～3遍，目的是让电池持续小电流放电，而这种放电状态在我们的日常使用中是不可能达到的，其效果与那些专用的放电软件基本一致。
2007年5月9日星期三
Ctrl-Alt-Del in Ubuntu + Beryl
For those who is running Ubuntu, there’s a package in automatix that allows you you bring up Gnome System Monitor with Ctrl-Alt-Del but since I got Beryl… that doesn’t work. I googled but can’t find anything. It took me a while sniffing around beryl manager but I finally found it.
Here’s how:
1. In the Beryl settings under “General Options”.
2. Select “General Options” > “commands” tab.
3. Expand any of the commands(0-11). Your choice.
4. In the “Command line X” field, type (where X is your choice whatever)gnome-system-monitor
5. Now select the “Shortcuts” tab.
6. Expand “Commands”
7. Dbl-Click on “Run command X”
8. Now just assign Ctrl-Alt-Del to that. Or just any shortcut of your choice.
2007年5月8日星期二
2007年5月7日星期一
How To Empty the Ubuntu Gnome Trash from the Command Line
How To Empty the Ubuntu Gnome Trash from the Command Line
Ubuntu has a trash can/recycle bin feature similar to windows. The difference with Ubuntu is that you can empty the trash from the command line.
Here’s the full trash icon, in the lower right hand corner:
Just open a terminal and type in the following command:
rm -rf ~/.Trash/*
Trash has been taken out!
2007年5月6日星期日
How to Create PDF Documents in Ubuntu
转自ubuntu geek
If you are using OpenOffice it is very easy to create documents there is an option in the File menu ‘Export as PDF’.For other applications, you will need to do the following procedure
We need to install cups-pdf this software is designed to produce PDF files in a heterogeneous network by providing a PDF printer on the central fileserver. It is available under the GPL and is packaged for many different distributions or can be built directly out of the source files.
Install cups-pdf
sudo apt-get install cups-pdf
You need to chnage the following file permissions
sudo chmod +s /usr/lib/cups/backend/cups-pdf
Configure CUPS for the PDF printer.
- Select SYSTEM > ADMINISTRATION > PRINTERS > NEW PRINTER
- Select LOCAL PRINTER
- Use detected printer: PDF PRINTER
- Select Print Driver:
- Manufacturer: Generic
- Model: Postscript Color Printer
- Name: postscript-color-printer-rev3b
- Click APPLY
When printing from any application, select the newly created postscript-color-printer-rev3b printer to generate PDF files.
Output files are stored in your home directory under /PDF subirectory.
To change the default location of the PDF output
Edit the /etc/cups/cups-pdf.conf file
gksudo gedit /etc/cups/cups-pdf.conf
look for
Out ${HOME}/PDF
and change to something like below
Out ${HOME}/my_print_to_pdf_folder
and restart
sudo /etc/init.d/cupsys restart
其实有了OOo,这东西真没什么必要！：）
2007年5月4日星期五
how to fix the error fail to load the desktop after rebooting X-window!
Code:killall nautilus
试了一下，显示：
Code:nautilus: no process killed
看来nautilus这个程序是关键。于是直接运行nautilus，桌面图标马上就显示出来了。
接着Ctrl+C，桌面一闪然后就又一切正常了。看来nautilus还智能的。
顺便提一下， gnome下刷新面板的方法：
Code:killall gnome-panel
Pidgin 2.0.0 final
Pidgin——支持多种协议的即时通讯工具，其 2.0.0 正式版目前已可从 SourceForge 上下载得到。然而，现在还不能从 Pidgin 的官方网站上看到相应的发布消息，也许开发者们正在准备吧。只需要一个软件便可同时登录QQ，MSN，Gtalk已不再是梦想！
编译安装：
- 获取 Pidgin 2.0.0 的源代码。我下载的是 pidgin-2.0.0.tar.bz2。
- 准备编译 Pidgin 所需的依赖：
sudo apt-get build-dep gaim tar jxvf pidgin-2.0.0.tar.bz2cd pidgin-2.0.0/./configure --prefix=/usr，建议在执行此步时使用./configure --help查询需要使用的选项，可根据自己的实际情况选择。makesudo make install
经过以上步骤后，Pidgin 就安装到系统中了。在终端中输入 pidgin 即可执行程序。
Pidgin 2.0.0 主窗口截图
Pidgin 2.0.0 聊天窗口截图
Pidgin 2.0.0 关于窗口截图
howto update and install software after delete /var/cache/apt/archives!
several days ago I was too boring to do anything else, so I delete all the files under /var/cache/apt/archives, because it is said all these files are installed software packages, I thought they are useless. Then here comes a big problem, when I type apt-get install * or apt-get update, the terminal will give the hint that could not open lock file /var/cache/apt/archives/lock - open, and unable to lock the download directory,
I do
Code:
sudo mkdir /var/cache/apt/archives
sudo mkdir /var/cache/apt/archives/lock
sudo aptitude update
sudo aptitude upgrade
Code:
sudo apt-get update
Code:
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
Code:
sudo apt-get install *
Code:
E:could not open lock file /var/cache/apt/archives/lock - open(21 is a directory)
E:unable to lock the download directory!
Code:
sudo mv /var/cache/apt/archives/lock ~/.
sudo apt-get clean
By the way, the best way to delete the downloaded package is:
Code:
sudo apt-get clean
how to fix the Error:opening/initializing the selected video_out (-vo)device
you are getting this: Error opening/initializing the selected video_out (-vo)device error when you run mplayer , open terminal and run this command:
code:
gmplayer -vo x11 -ao ossand play your file. REMEMBER this only applies after installing mplayer and codecs.I find many ubuntuers besides me meet this problem,hope this can help you.
Another question is mplayer can't play a movie file by fullcreen, then you should edit ~/.mplayer/config and just add the line:
Code:
zoom=yes
2007年5月3日星期四
Ultimate Ubuntu performance tweaking guide
Lets start first with the kernel:
apt-get install build-essential libncurses-dev kernel-package
cd /usr/src
wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.20.tar.bz2
This will download the latest sources available, in my case linux-2.6.20.tar.bz2
cd /usr/src
tar -xjf linux-2.6.20.tar.bz2
cd linux-2.6.20
Now lets apply the Con Kolivas patches, these are patches designed to improve system responsiveness with specific emphasis on the desktop, but suitable to any workload.
wget www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/ck/patches/2.6/2.6.20/2.6.20-ck1/patch-2.6.20-ck1.bz2
bzcat patch-2.6.20-ck1.bz2 |patch -p1
Copy the current kernel config and configuring the kernel
cp /boot/config-`uname -r` .config
make menuconfig
In “General Setup” activate:
- Support for paging of anonymous memory (swap)
- Support for prefetching swapped memory
In “Processor type and features“:
- Processor family Choose the model of your processor.
- set Preemption Model to Voluntary Kernel Preemption (Desktop)
- High Memory Support
- off - if you have less than 1 GB of RAM
- 1GB Low Memory Support - if you have 1GB of RAM
- 4GB - if you have more than 1GB of RAM
- set Timer frequency to 1000 Hz
In “Kernel hacking” uncheck “Kernel debugging“.
Now exit and save the configuration.
Making the new kernel package:
make-kpkg -initrd –revision=LinuxMonitor1 kernel_image kernel_headers modules_image
Installing the new kernel
cd ..
dpkg -i *.deb
HDParm
sudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf
at the bottom add:
/dev/hda {
dma = on
io32_support = 1
}
/dev/cdroms/cdrom0 {
dma = on
interrupt_unmask = on
io32_support = 0
}
Concurrent Booting
Concurrent booting allows Ubuntu to take advantage of dual-core processors, as well as processors that hyperthread or multithread
or what ever the different companies call it now.
sudo gedit /etc/init.d/rc
Look through the file and you will find CONCURRENCY=none.
You must change it to: CONCURRENCY=shell
Prelink
Disclaimer: Prelinking might break your system! Only consider for use if you can risk the chance that your install might mess up. Most of all make sure that it gets to run the whole thing through the first time you prelink. Stopping in the middle can lead to system failure. Prelinking is a powerful device and needs to be used with care.
Prelink is no longer necessary in Feisty. Feisty uses a new linking mechanism called DT_GNU_HASH which dramatically speeds up the linking process without the need for continuously running this prelink program. Again, prelink is NOT useful starting from Feisty
How to enable prelink
1. Activate Ubuntu universe sources
2. Put this command into terminal to install Prelink:
sudo apt-get install prelink
3. Now put this command into the terminal:
sudo gedit /etc/default/prelink
4. Change where it says “PRELINKING=unknown” from unknown to “yes”
5. Adjust the other options if you know what the heck you’re doing. If it looks foreign to you, the defaults work well.
6. To start the first prelink (the longest one!), put this in terminal:
sudo /etc/cron.daily/prelink
Automatic Prelinking After Program Are Installed
One problem with prelinking in that when you install new programs those programs are not prelinked. So to avoid this problem when installing programs with apt-get or synaptic, use the directions below.
1. Put this in terminal:
sudo gedit /etc/apt/apt.conf
2. When the file opens in Gedit, put this line at the end of the file and save (even if the file has no content before you add the line):
DPkg::Post-Invoke {”echo Running prelink, please wait…;/etc/cron.daily/prelink”;}
General Notes About Prelinking
In the future, prelink performs a quick prelink (a less-than-1-minute procedure on most systems) daily, usually at midnight. Every 14 days, or whatever you changed it to be, a full prelink will run.
If you just did a major apt-get upgrade that changed systemwide libraries (i.e. libc6, glibc, major gnome/X libs, etc etc etc) and experience cryptic errors about libs, rerun step 6.
To undo prelink, change step 4 from yes to no, then rerun step 6.
Prelinking will make the binaries it prelinks change, so it’s not appropriate if you have tripwire or another checksum-based IDS system, or if you do incremental or differential backups to save on space.
Services
*Note you might not have all these services on your box.
To enable/disable services go to System -> Administration -> Services
1. acpi-support - leave it on.
2. acpid - The acpi daemon. These two are for power management, quite important for laptop and desktop computers, so leave them on.
3. alsa - If you use alsa sound subsystem, yes leave it on. But if you have the service below, its safe to be off. The default is off when alsa-utils is on.
4. alsa-utils - On my system, this service supercedes the alsa, so I turn off the alsa and turn this on at S level.
5. anacron - A cron subsystem that executes any cron jobs not being executed when the time is on. Most likely you’ve probably turned your computer off when a certain cron job time is ready. For example, updatedb is scheduled at 2am everyday, but at that moment, you computer is off, then if anacron service is on, it will try to catch up that updatedb cron.
6. apmd - If you computer is not that old which can’t even support acpi, then you may try to turn this off.
7. atd - like cron, a job scheduler. I turned it off.
8. binfmt-support - Kernel supports other format of binary files. I left it on.
9. bluez-utiles - I turned it off. I don’t have any bluetooth devices.
10. bootlogd - Leave it on.
11. cron - Leave it on.
12. cupsys - subsystem to manager your printer. I don’t have one so I turned it off, but if you do, just leave it on.
13. dbus - Message bus system. Very important, leave it on.
14. dns-clean - Mainly for cleaning up the dns info when using dial-up connection. I don’t use dial up, so I turn it off.
15. evms - Enterprise Volumn Management system. I turned it off.
16. fetchmail - A mail receving daemon. I turned it off.
17. gdm - The gnome desktop manager. I turned it off anyway since I get use to boot to console first. This is up to you if you want to boot directly to GUI.
18. gdomap - You can turn it off.
19. gpm - Mouse support for console. If you feel you’d better have a mouse on console, go turn it on.
20. halt - Don’t change it.
21. hdparm - tuning harddisk script, should be on.
22. hibernate - If your system support hibernate, leave it on. Otherwise, its useless for you.
23. hotkey-setup - This daemon setup some hotkey mappings for Laptop. Manufacturers supported are: HP, Acer, ASUS, Sony, Dell, and IBM. If you have a laptop in those brands, you can leave it on, otherwise, this might not have any benefits for you.
24. hotplug and hotplug-net - activating hotplug subsystems takes time. I’d consider to turn them off.
25. hplip - HP printing and Image subsystem. I turned it off.
26. ifrename - network interface rename script. Sounds pretty neat but I turned it off. Mainly for managing multiple network interfaces names. Since I have a wireless card and an ethernet card, they all assigned eth0 and ath0 from kernel, so its not really useful for me.
27. ifupdown and ifupdown-clean - Leave it on. They are network interfaces activation scripts for the boot time.
28. inetd or inetd.real - take a look your /etc/inetd.conf file and comment out any services that you don’t need.
29. klogd - Leave it on.
30. laptop-mode - A service to tweak the battery utilization when using laptops. You can leave it on.
31. linux-restricted-modules-common - You need to see if you really have any restricted modules loaded on your system. I’d leave it on.
32. lvm - I don’t use it so I turned it off. Leave it on if you *DO* have lvm.
33. makedev - Leave it on.
34. mdamd - Raid management tool. I don’t use it so I turned it off.
35. mdamd-raid - Raid tool. If you don’t have Raid devices, turn it off.
36. module-init-tools - Load extra modules from /etc/modules file. You can investigate your /etc/modules file and see if there is any modules that you don’t need. Normally, this is turned on.
37. mountvirtfs - mount virtual filesystems. Leave it on.
38. networking - bring up network interfaces and config dns info during boot time by scaning /etc/network/interfaces file. Leave it on.
39. ntpdate - Sync time with the ubuntu time server. Leave it on if you want.
40. nvidia-kernel - I compiled the nvidia driver by myself, so its useless for me now. If you use the ubuntu nvidia driver from the restrict modules, just leave it on. 41. pcmcia - pcmcia device - useless if you are using desktop which doesn’t have pcmcia card. So in that case, turn it off please.
42. portmap - daemon for managing services like nis, nfs, etc. If your laptop or desktop is a pure client, then turn it off.
43. powernowd - client to manage cpufreq. Mainly for laptops that support CPU speed stepping technology. Normally, you should leave it on if you are configuring a laptop, but for desktop, it might be useless.
44. ppp and ppp-dns - Useless to me. I don’t have dial-up.
45. readahead - It seems readahead is a kind of “preloader”. It loads at startup some libs on memory, so that some programs will start faster. But it increases startup time for about 3-4 seconds. So, you can keep it… or not. I tested and I just didn’t feel difference loading programs. So I decided to turn it off. If you have a reason to keep it on, please do so.
46. reboot - Don’t change it.
47. resolvconf - Automatically configuring DNS info according to your network status. I left it on.
48. rmnologin - Remove nologin if it finds it. It wouldn’t happen on my laptop, so I got rid of it.
49. rsync - rsync daemon. I don’t use it on my laptop, so turned it off.
50. sendsigs - send signals during reboot or shutdown. Leave it as it is.
51. single - Active single user mode. Leave it as it is.
52. ssh - ssh daemon. I need this so I turned it on.
53. stop-bootlogd - stop bootlogd from 2,3,4,5 runlevel. Leave it as it is.
54. sudo - check sudo stauts. I don’t see any good to run it everytime on a laptop or desktop client, so I turned it off.
55. sysklogd - Leave it as it is.
56. udev and udev-mab - Userspace dev filesystem. Good stuff, I left them on.
57. umountfs - Leave it as it is.
58. urandom - Random number generator. Might not useful but I left it on.
59. usplash - Well, if you really want to see the nice boot up screen, leave it as it is.
60. vbesave - video card BIOS configuration tool. Its able to save your video card status. I left it on.
61. xorg-common - setup X server ICE socket. Leave it as it is.
62. adjtimex - This is a kernel hw clock time adjusting too. Normally, you shouldn’t see this on your boot up list. In very rare case if you do see its on your boot up process, then there might be a reason why it is on, so better leave it that way. In my case, it is off.
63. dirmngr - A certification lists management tool. Work with gnupg. You will have to see if you need it or not. In my case, I turned it off.
64. hwtools - A tool to optimize irqs. Not sure what’s the benefits of turning it on. In my case, I turned it off.
65. libpam-devperm - A daemon to fix device files permissions after a system crash. Sounds pretty good, so I left it on.
66. lm-sensors - If you matherboard has builtin some sensor chips, it might be helpful to see hw status via userspace. I ran it and it said “No sensors found”, so I turned it off.
67. screen-cleanup - A script to cleanup the boot up screen. Well, turn on or off is up to you. In my case, I left it on.
68. xinetd - A inetd super daemon to manage other damons. In my system, the xinetd is managing chargen, daytime, echo and time (find them from /etc/xinetd.d dir), I care none of them, so I turned it off. If you do have some important services configured under xinetd, then leave it on.
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